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Message-ID: <20241112191858.162021-7-mic@digikod.net>
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 20:18:58 +0100
From: Mickaël Salaün <mic@...ikod.net>
To: Al Viro <viro@...iv.linux.org.uk>,
Christian Brauner <brauner@...nel.org>,
Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>,
Paul Moore <paul@...l-moore.com>,
Serge Hallyn <serge@...lyn.com>
Cc: Mickaël Salaün <mic@...ikod.net>,
Adhemerval Zanella Netto <adhemerval.zanella@...aro.org>,
Alejandro Colomar <alx@...nel.org>,
Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@...har.com>,
Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
Andy Lutomirski <luto@...nel.org>,
Arnd Bergmann <arnd@...db.de>,
Casey Schaufler <casey@...aufler-ca.com>,
Christian Heimes <christian@...hon.org>,
Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@...gle.com>,
Elliott Hughes <enh@...gle.com>,
Eric Biggers <ebiggers@...nel.org>,
Eric Chiang <ericchiang@...gle.com>,
Fan Wu <wufan@...ux.microsoft.com>,
Florian Weimer <fweimer@...hat.com>,
Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@...ux-m68k.org>,
James Morris <jamorris@...ux.microsoft.com>,
Jan Kara <jack@...e.cz>,
Jann Horn <jannh@...gle.com>,
Jeff Xu <jeffxu@...gle.com>,
Jonathan Corbet <corbet@....net>,
Jordan R Abrahams <ajordanr@...gle.com>,
Lakshmi Ramasubramanian <nramas@...ux.microsoft.com>,
Linus Torvalds <torvalds@...ux-foundation.org>,
Luca Boccassi <bluca@...ian.org>,
Luis Chamberlain <mcgrof@...nel.org>,
"Madhavan T . Venkataraman" <madvenka@...ux.microsoft.com>,
Matt Bobrowski <mattbobrowski@...gle.com>,
Matthew Garrett <mjg59@...f.ucam.org>,
Matthew Wilcox <willy@...radead.org>,
Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@...hat.com>,
Mimi Zohar <zohar@...ux.ibm.com>,
Nicolas Bouchinet <nicolas.bouchinet@....gouv.fr>,
Scott Shell <scottsh@...rosoft.com>,
Shuah Khan <shuah@...nel.org>,
Stephen Rothwell <sfr@...b.auug.org.au>,
Steve Dower <steve.dower@...hon.org>,
Steve Grubb <sgrubb@...hat.com>,
Theodore Ts'o <tytso@....edu>,
Thibaut Sautereau <thibaut.sautereau@....gouv.fr>,
Vincent Strubel <vincent.strubel@....gouv.fr>,
Xiaoming Ni <nixiaoming@...wei.com>,
Yin Fengwei <fengwei.yin@...el.com>,
kernel-hardening@...ts.openwall.com,
linux-api@...r.kernel.org,
linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org,
linux-integrity@...r.kernel.org,
linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
linux-security-module@...r.kernel.org
Subject: [PATCH v21 6/6] samples/check-exec: Add an enlighten "inc" interpreter and 28 tests
Add a very simple script interpreter called "inc" that can evaluate two
different commands (one per line):
- "?" to initialize a counter from user's input;
- "+" to increment the counter (which is set to 0 by default).
It is enlighten to only interpret executable files according to
AT_EXECVE_CHECK and the related securebits:
# Executing a script with RESTRICT_FILE is only allowed if the script
# is executable:
./set-exec -f -- ./inc script-exec.inc # Allowed
./set-exec -f -- ./inc script-noexec.inc # Denied
# Executing stdin with DENY_INTERACTIVE is only allowed if stdin is an
# executable regular file:
./set-exec -i -- ./inc -i < script-exec.inc # Allowed
./set-exec -i -- ./inc -i < script-noexec.inc # Denied
# However, a pipe is not executable and it is then denied:
cat script-noexec.inc | ./set-exec -i -- ./inc -i # Denied
# Executing raw data (e.g. command argument) with DENY_INTERACTIVE is
# always denied.
./set-exec -i -- ./inc -c "+" # Denied
./inc -c "$(<script-ask.inc)" # Allowed
# To directly execute a script, we can update $PATH (used by `env`):
PATH="${PATH}:." ./script-exec.inc
# To execute several commands passed as argument:
Add a complete test suite to check the script interpreter against all
possible execution cases:
make TARGETS=exec kselftest-install
./tools/testing/selftests/kselftest_install/run_kselftest.sh
Fix ktap_helpers.sh to gracefully ignore optional argument.
Cc: Al Viro <viro@...iv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@...nel.org>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>
Cc: Paul Moore <paul@...l-moore.com>
Cc: Serge Hallyn <serge@...lyn.com>
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün <mic@...ikod.net>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20241112191858.162021-7-mic@digikod.net
---
Changes since v20:
* Rename AT_CHECK to AT_EXECVE_CHECK.
Changes since v19:
* New patch.
---
samples/Kconfig | 4 +-
samples/check-exec/.gitignore | 1 +
samples/check-exec/Makefile | 1 +
samples/check-exec/inc.c | 205 ++++++++++++++++++
samples/check-exec/run-script-ask.inc | 8 +
samples/check-exec/script-ask.inc | 4 +
samples/check-exec/script-exec.inc | 3 +
samples/check-exec/script-noexec.inc | 3 +
tools/testing/selftests/exec/.gitignore | 2 +
tools/testing/selftests/exec/Makefile | 14 +-
.../selftests/exec/check-exec-tests.sh | 205 ++++++++++++++++++
.../selftests/kselftest/ktap_helpers.sh | 2 +-
12 files changed, 448 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 samples/check-exec/inc.c
create mode 100755 samples/check-exec/run-script-ask.inc
create mode 100755 samples/check-exec/script-ask.inc
create mode 100755 samples/check-exec/script-exec.inc
create mode 100644 samples/check-exec/script-noexec.inc
create mode 100755 tools/testing/selftests/exec/check-exec-tests.sh
diff --git a/samples/Kconfig b/samples/Kconfig
index efa28ceadc42..84a9d4e8d947 100644
--- a/samples/Kconfig
+++ b/samples/Kconfig
@@ -296,7 +296,9 @@ config SAMPLE_CHECK_EXEC
depends on CC_CAN_LINK && HEADERS_INSTALL
help
Build a tool to easily configure SECBIT_EXEC_RESTRICT_FILE and
- SECBIT_EXEC_DENY_INTERACTIVE.
+ SECBIT_EXEC_DENY_INTERACTIVE, and a simple script interpreter to
+ demonstrate how they should be used with execveat(2) +
+ AT_EXECVE_CHECK.
source "samples/rust/Kconfig"
diff --git a/samples/check-exec/.gitignore b/samples/check-exec/.gitignore
index 3f8119112ccf..cd759a19dacd 100644
--- a/samples/check-exec/.gitignore
+++ b/samples/check-exec/.gitignore
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+/inc
/set-exec
diff --git a/samples/check-exec/Makefile b/samples/check-exec/Makefile
index d9f976e3ff98..c4f08ad0f8e3 100644
--- a/samples/check-exec/Makefile
+++ b/samples/check-exec/Makefile
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
userprogs-always-y := \
+ inc \
set-exec
userccflags += -I usr/include
diff --git a/samples/check-exec/inc.c b/samples/check-exec/inc.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..94b87569d2a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/check-exec/inc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+/*
+ * Very simple script interpreter that can evaluate two different commands (one
+ * per line):
+ * - "?" to initialize a counter from user's input;
+ * - "+" to increment the counter (which is set to 0 by default).
+ *
+ * See tools/testing/selftests/exec/check-exec-tests.sh and
+ * Documentation/userspace-api/check_exec.rst
+ *
+ * Copyright © 2024 Microsoft Corporation
+ */
+
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <linux/fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/prctl.h>
+#include <linux/securebits.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+/* Returns 1 on error, 0 otherwise. */
+static int interpret_buffer(char *buffer, size_t buffer_size)
+{
+ char *line, *saveptr = NULL;
+ long long number = 0;
+
+ /* Each command is the first character of a line. */
+ saveptr = NULL;
+ line = strtok_r(buffer, "\n", &saveptr);
+ while (line) {
+ if (*line != '#' && strlen(line) != 1) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "# ERROR: Unknown string\n");
+ return 1;
+ }
+ switch (*line) {
+ case '#':
+ /* Skips shebang and comments. */
+ break;
+ case '+':
+ /* Increments and prints the number. */
+ number++;
+ printf("%lld\n", number);
+ break;
+ case '?':
+ /* Reads integer from stdin. */
+ fprintf(stderr, "> Enter new number: \n");
+ if (scanf("%lld", &number) != 1) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "# WARNING: Failed to read number from stdin\n");
+ }
+ break;
+ default:
+ fprintf(stderr, "# ERROR: Unknown character '%c'\n",
+ *line);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ line = strtok_r(NULL, "\n", &saveptr);
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/* Returns 1 on error, 0 otherwise. */
+static int interpret_stream(FILE *script, char *const script_name,
+ char *const *const envp, const bool restrict_stream)
+{
+ int err;
+ char *const script_argv[] = { script_name, NULL };
+ char buf[128] = {};
+ size_t buf_size = sizeof(buf);
+
+ /*
+ * We pass a valid argv and envp to the kernel to emulate a native
+ * script execution. We must use the script file descriptor instead of
+ * the script path name to avoid race conditions.
+ */
+ err = execveat(fileno(script), "", script_argv, envp,
+ AT_EMPTY_PATH | AT_EXECVE_CHECK);
+ if (err && restrict_stream) {
+ perror("ERROR: Script execution check");
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ /* Reads script. */
+ buf_size = fread(buf, 1, buf_size - 1, script);
+ return interpret_buffer(buf, buf_size);
+}
+
+static void print_usage(const char *argv0)
+{
+ fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s <script.inc> | -i | -c <command>\n\n",
+ argv0);
+ fprintf(stderr, "Example:\n");
+ fprintf(stderr, " ./set-exec -fi -- ./inc -i < script-exec.inc\n");
+}
+
+int main(const int argc, char *const argv[], char *const *const envp)
+{
+ int opt;
+ char *cmd = NULL;
+ char *script_name = NULL;
+ bool interpret_stdin = false;
+ FILE *script_file = NULL;
+ int secbits;
+ bool deny_interactive, restrict_file;
+ size_t arg_nb;
+
+ secbits = prctl(PR_GET_SECUREBITS);
+ if (secbits == -1) {
+ /*
+ * This should never happen, except with a buggy seccomp
+ * filter.
+ */
+ perror("ERROR: Failed to get securebits");
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ deny_interactive = !!(secbits & SECBIT_EXEC_DENY_INTERACTIVE);
+ restrict_file = !!(secbits & SECBIT_EXEC_RESTRICT_FILE);
+
+ while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "c:i")) != -1) {
+ switch (opt) {
+ case 'c':
+ if (cmd) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Command already set");
+ return 1;
+ }
+ cmd = optarg;
+ break;
+ case 'i':
+ interpret_stdin = true;
+ break;
+ default:
+ print_usage(argv[0]);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* Checks that only one argument is used, or read stdin. */
+ arg_nb = !!cmd + !!interpret_stdin;
+ if (arg_nb == 0 && argc == 2) {
+ script_name = argv[1];
+ } else if (arg_nb != 1) {
+ print_usage(argv[0]);
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ if (cmd) {
+ /*
+ * Other kind of interactive interpretations should be denied
+ * as well (e.g. CLI arguments passing script snippets,
+ * environment variables interpreted as script). However, any
+ * way to pass script files should only be restricted according
+ * to restrict_file.
+ */
+ if (deny_interactive) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "ERROR: Interactive interpretation denied.\n");
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ return interpret_buffer(cmd, strlen(cmd));
+ }
+
+ if (interpret_stdin && !script_name) {
+ script_file = stdin;
+ /*
+ * As for any execve(2) call, this path may be logged by the
+ * kernel.
+ */
+ script_name = "/proc/self/fd/0";
+ /*
+ * When stdin is used, it can point to a regular file or a
+ * pipe. Restrict stdin execution according to
+ * SECBIT_EXEC_DENY_INTERACTIVE but always allow executable
+ * files (which are not considered as interactive inputs).
+ */
+ return interpret_stream(script_file, script_name, envp,
+ deny_interactive);
+ } else if (script_name && !interpret_stdin) {
+ /*
+ * In this sample, we don't pass any argument to scripts, but
+ * otherwise we would have to forge an argv with such
+ * arguments.
+ */
+ script_file = fopen(script_name, "r");
+ if (!script_file) {
+ perror("ERROR: Failed to open script");
+ return 1;
+ }
+ /*
+ * Restricts file execution according to
+ * SECBIT_EXEC_RESTRICT_FILE.
+ */
+ return interpret_stream(script_file, script_name, envp,
+ restrict_file);
+ }
+
+ print_usage(argv[0]);
+ return 1;
+}
diff --git a/samples/check-exec/run-script-ask.inc b/samples/check-exec/run-script-ask.inc
new file mode 100755
index 000000000000..3ea3e15fbd5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/check-exec/run-script-ask.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+
+DIR="$(dirname -- "$0")"
+
+PATH="${PATH}:${DIR}"
+
+set -x
+"${DIR}/script-ask.inc"
diff --git a/samples/check-exec/script-ask.inc b/samples/check-exec/script-ask.inc
new file mode 100755
index 000000000000..f48252ab07c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/check-exec/script-ask.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env inc
+
+?
++
diff --git a/samples/check-exec/script-exec.inc b/samples/check-exec/script-exec.inc
new file mode 100755
index 000000000000..525e958e1c20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/check-exec/script-exec.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env inc
+
++
diff --git a/samples/check-exec/script-noexec.inc b/samples/check-exec/script-noexec.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..525e958e1c20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/check-exec/script-noexec.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env inc
+
++
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/exec/.gitignore b/tools/testing/selftests/exec/.gitignore
index a32c63bb4df1..7f3d1ae762ec 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/exec/.gitignore
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/exec/.gitignore
@@ -11,9 +11,11 @@ non-regular
null-argv
/check-exec
/false
+/inc
/load_address.*
!load_address.c
/recursion-depth
+/set-exec
xxxxxxxx*
pipe
S_I*.test
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/exec/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/exec/Makefile
index 8713d1c862ae..45a3cfc435cf 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/exec/Makefile
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/exec/Makefile
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ ALIGN_PIES := $(patsubst %,load_address.%,$(ALIGNS))
ALIGN_STATIC_PIES := $(patsubst %,load_address.static.%,$(ALIGNS))
ALIGNMENT_TESTS := $(ALIGN_PIES) $(ALIGN_STATIC_PIES)
-TEST_PROGS := binfmt_script.py
+TEST_PROGS := binfmt_script.py check-exec-tests.sh
TEST_GEN_PROGS := execveat non-regular $(ALIGNMENT_TESTS)
-TEST_GEN_PROGS_EXTENDED := false
+TEST_GEN_PROGS_EXTENDED := false inc set-exec script-exec.inc script-noexec.inc
TEST_GEN_FILES := execveat.symlink execveat.denatured script subdir
# Makefile is a run-time dependency, since it's accessed by the execveat test
TEST_FILES := Makefile
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ EXTRA_CLEAN := $(OUTPUT)/subdir.moved $(OUTPUT)/execveat.moved $(OUTPUT)/xxxxx*
include ../lib.mk
+CHECK_EXEC_SAMPLES := $(top_srcdir)/samples/check-exec
+
$(OUTPUT)/subdir:
mkdir -p $@
$(OUTPUT)/script: Makefile
@@ -45,3 +47,11 @@ $(OUTPUT)/load_address.static.0x%: load_address.c
-fPIE -static-pie $< -o $@
$(OUTPUT)/false: false.c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -static $< -o $@
+$(OUTPUT)/inc: $(CHECK_EXEC_SAMPLES)/inc.c
+ $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $< -o $@
+$(OUTPUT)/set-exec: $(CHECK_EXEC_SAMPLES)/set-exec.c
+ $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $< -o $@
+$(OUTPUT)/script-exec.inc: $(CHECK_EXEC_SAMPLES)/script-exec.inc
+ cp $< $@
+$(OUTPUT)/script-noexec.inc: $(CHECK_EXEC_SAMPLES)/script-noexec.inc
+ cp $< $@
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/exec/check-exec-tests.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/exec/check-exec-tests.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000000..87102906ae3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/exec/check-exec-tests.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+#
+# Test the "inc" interpreter.
+#
+# See include/uapi/linux/securebits.h, include/uapi/linux/fcntl.h and
+# samples/check-exec/inc.c
+#
+# Copyright © 2024 Microsoft Corporation
+
+set -u -e -o pipefail
+
+EXPECTED_OUTPUT="1"
+exec 2>/dev/null
+
+DIR="$(dirname $(readlink -f "$0"))"
+source "${DIR}"/../kselftest/ktap_helpers.sh
+
+exec_direct() {
+ local expect="$1"
+ local script="$2"
+ shift 2
+ local ret=0
+ local out
+
+ # Updates PATH for `env` to execute the `inc` interpreter.
+ out="$(PATH="." "$@" "${script}")" || ret=$?
+
+ if [[ ${ret} -ne ${expect} ]]; then
+ echo "ERROR: Wrong expectation for direct file execution: ${ret}"
+ return 1
+ fi
+ if [[ ${ret} -eq 0 && "${out}" != "${EXPECTED_OUTPUT}" ]]; then
+ echo "ERROR: Wrong output for direct file execution: ${out}"
+ return 1
+ fi
+}
+
+exec_indirect() {
+ local expect="$1"
+ local script="$2"
+ shift 2
+ local ret=0
+ local out
+
+ # Script passed as argument.
+ out="$("$@" ./inc "${script}")" || ret=$?
+
+ if [[ ${ret} -ne ${expect} ]]; then
+ echo "ERROR: Wrong expectation for indirect file execution: ${ret}"
+ return 1
+ fi
+ if [[ ${ret} -eq 0 && "${out}" != "${EXPECTED_OUTPUT}" ]]; then
+ echo "ERROR: Wrong output for indirect file execution: ${out}"
+ return 1
+ fi
+}
+
+exec_stdin_reg() {
+ local expect="$1"
+ local script="$2"
+ shift 2
+ local ret=0
+ local out
+
+ # Executing stdin must be allowed if the related file is executable.
+ out="$("$@" ./inc -i < "${script}")" || ret=$?
+
+ if [[ ${ret} -ne ${expect} ]]; then
+ echo "ERROR: Wrong expectation for stdin regular file execution: ${ret}"
+ return 1
+ fi
+ if [[ ${ret} -eq 0 && "${out}" != "${EXPECTED_OUTPUT}" ]]; then
+ echo "ERROR: Wrong output for stdin regular file execution: ${out}"
+ return 1
+ fi
+}
+
+exec_stdin_pipe() {
+ local expect="$1"
+ shift
+ local ret=0
+ local out
+
+ # A pipe is not executable.
+ out="$(cat script-exec.inc | "$@" ./inc -i)" || ret=$?
+
+ if [[ ${ret} -ne ${expect} ]]; then
+ echo "ERROR: Wrong expectation for stdin pipe execution: ${ret}"
+ return 1
+ fi
+}
+
+exec_argument() {
+ local expect="$1"
+ local ret=0
+ shift
+ local out
+
+ # Script not coming from a file must not be executed.
+ out="$("$@" ./inc -c "$(< script-exec.inc)")" || ret=$?
+
+ if [[ ${ret} -ne ${expect} ]]; then
+ echo "ERROR: Wrong expectation for arbitrary argument execution: ${ret}"
+ return 1
+ fi
+ if [[ ${ret} -eq 0 && "${out}" != "${EXPECTED_OUTPUT}" ]]; then
+ echo "ERROR: Wrong output for arbitrary argument execution: ${out}"
+ return 1
+ fi
+}
+
+exec_interactive() {
+ exec_stdin_pipe "$@"
+ exec_argument "$@"
+}
+
+ktap_test() {
+ ktap_test_result "$*" "$@"
+}
+
+ktap_print_header
+ktap_set_plan 28
+
+# Without secbit configuration, nothing is changed.
+
+ktap_print_msg "By default, executable scripts are allowed to be interpreted and executed."
+ktap_test exec_direct 0 script-exec.inc
+ktap_test exec_indirect 0 script-exec.inc
+
+ktap_print_msg "By default, executable stdin is allowed to be interpreted."
+ktap_test exec_stdin_reg 0 script-exec.inc
+
+ktap_print_msg "By default, non-executable scripts are allowed to be interpreted, but not directly executed."
+# We get 126 because of direct execution by Bash.
+ktap_test exec_direct 126 script-noexec.inc
+ktap_test exec_indirect 0 script-noexec.inc
+
+ktap_print_msg "By default, non-executable stdin is allowed to be interpreted."
+ktap_test exec_stdin_reg 0 script-noexec.inc
+
+ktap_print_msg "By default, interactive commands are allowed to be interpreted."
+ktap_test exec_interactive 0
+
+# With only file restriction: protect non-malicious users from inadvertent errors (e.g. python ~/Downloads/*.py).
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -f, executable scripts are allowed to be interpreted and executed."
+ktap_test exec_direct 0 script-exec.inc ./set-exec -f --
+ktap_test exec_indirect 0 script-exec.inc ./set-exec -f --
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -f, executable stdin is allowed to be interpreted."
+ktap_test exec_stdin_reg 0 script-exec.inc ./set-exec -f --
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -f, non-executable scripts are not allowed to be executed nor interpreted."
+# Direct execution of non-executable script is alwayse denied by the kernel.
+ktap_test exec_direct 1 script-noexec.inc ./set-exec -f --
+ktap_test exec_indirect 1 script-noexec.inc ./set-exec -f --
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -f, non-executable stdin is allowed to be interpreted."
+ktap_test exec_stdin_reg 0 script-noexec.inc ./set-exec -f --
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -f, interactive commands are allowed to be interpreted."
+ktap_test exec_interactive 0 ./set-exec -f --
+
+# With only denied interactive commands: check or monitor script content (e.g. with LSM).
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -i, executable scripts are allowed to be interpreted and executed."
+ktap_test exec_direct 0 script-exec.inc ./set-exec -i --
+ktap_test exec_indirect 0 script-exec.inc ./set-exec -i --
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -i, executable stdin is allowed to be interpreted."
+ktap_test exec_stdin_reg 0 script-exec.inc ./set-exec -i --
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -i, non-executable scripts are allowed to be interpreted, but not directly executed."
+# Direct execution of non-executable script is alwayse denied by the kernel.
+ktap_test exec_direct 1 script-noexec.inc ./set-exec -i --
+ktap_test exec_indirect 0 script-noexec.inc ./set-exec -i --
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -i, non-executable stdin is not allowed to be interpreted."
+ktap_test exec_stdin_reg 1 script-noexec.inc ./set-exec -i --
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -i, interactive commands are not allowed to be interpreted."
+ktap_test exec_interactive 1 ./set-exec -i --
+
+# With both file restriction and denied interactive commands: only allow executable scripts.
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -fi, executable scripts are allowed to be interpreted and executed."
+ktap_test exec_direct 0 script-exec.inc ./set-exec -fi --
+ktap_test exec_indirect 0 script-exec.inc ./set-exec -fi --
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -fi, executable stdin is allowed to be interpreted."
+ktap_test exec_stdin_reg 0 script-exec.inc ./set-exec -fi --
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -fi, non-executable scripts are not allowed to be interpreted nor executed."
+# Direct execution of non-executable script is alwayse denied by the kernel.
+ktap_test exec_direct 1 script-noexec.inc ./set-exec -fi --
+ktap_test exec_indirect 1 script-noexec.inc ./set-exec -fi --
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -fi, non-executable stdin is not allowed to be interpreted."
+ktap_test exec_stdin_reg 1 script-noexec.inc ./set-exec -fi --
+
+ktap_print_msg "With -fi, interactive commands are not allowed to be interpreted."
+ktap_test exec_interactive 1 ./set-exec -fi --
+
+ktap_finished
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/kselftest/ktap_helpers.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/kselftest/ktap_helpers.sh
index 79a125eb24c2..14e7f3ec3f84 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/kselftest/ktap_helpers.sh
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/kselftest/ktap_helpers.sh
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ ktap_skip_all() {
__ktap_test() {
result="$1"
description="$2"
- directive="$3" # optional
+ directive="${3:-}" # optional
local directive_str=
[ ! -z "$directive" ] && directive_str="# $directive"
--
2.47.0
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