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Message-Id: <1529532570-21765-1-git-send-email-rick.p.edgecombe@intel.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Jun 2018 15:09:27 -0700
From: Rick Edgecombe <rick.p.edgecombe@...el.com>
To: tglx@...utronix.de,
mingo@...hat.com,
hpa@...or.com,
x86@...nel.org,
linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
linux-mm@...ck.org,
kernel-hardening@...ts.openwall.com
Cc: kristen.c.accardi@...el.com,
dave.hansen@...el.com,
arjan.van.de.ven@...el.com,
Rick Edgecombe <rick.p.edgecombe@...el.com>
Subject: [PATCH 0/3] KASLR feature to randomize each loadable module
Hi,
This is to add a KASLR feature for stronger randomization for the location of
the text sections of dynamically loaded kernel modules.
Today the RANDOMIZE_BASE feature randomizes the base address where the module
allocations begin with 10 bits of entropy. From here, a highly deterministic
algorithm allocates space for the modules as they are loaded and un-loaded. If
an attacker can predict the order and identities for modules that will be
loaded, then a single text address leak can give the attacker access to the
locations of all the modules.
This patch changes the module loading KASLR algorithm to randomize the position
of each module text section allocation with at least 18 bits of entropy in the
typical case. It used on x86_64 only for now.
Allocation Algorithm
====================
The algorithm evenly breaks the module space in two, a random area and a backup
area. For module text allocations, it first tries to allocate up to 10 randomly
located starting pages inside the random section. If this fails, it will
allocate in the backup area. The backup area base will be offset in the same
way as current algorithm does for the base area, which has 10 bits of entropy.
Randomness and Fragmentation
============================
The advantages of this algorithm over the existing one are higher entropy and
that each module text section is randomized in relation to the other sections,
so that if one location is leaked the location of other sections cannot be
inferred.
However, unlike the existing algorithm, the amount of randomness provided has a
dependency on the number of modules allocated and the sizes of the modules text
sections.
The following estimates are based on simulations done with core section
allocation sizes recorded from all in-tree x86_64 modules, and with a module
space size of 1GB (the size when KASLR is enabled). The entropy provided for the
Nth allocation will come from three sources of randomness, the address picked
for the random area, the probability the section will be allocated in the backup
area and randomness from the number of modules already allocated in the backup
area. For computing a lower bound entropy in the following calculations, the
randomness of the modules already in the backup area, or overlapping from the
random area, is ignored since it is usually small for small numbers of modules
and will only increase the entropy.
For probability of the Nth module being in the backup area, p, a lower bound
entropy estimate is calculated here as:
Entropy = -((1-p)*log2((1-p)/(1073741824/4096)) + p*log2(p/1024))
Nth Modules Probability Nth in Backup (p<0.01) Entropy (bits)
200 0.00015658918 18.0009525805
300 0.00061754750 18.0025340517
400 0.00092257674 18.0032512276
500 0.00143354729 18.0041398771
600 0.00199926260 18.0048133611
700 0.00303342527 18.0054763676
800 0.00375362443 18.0056209924
900 0.00449013182 18.0055609282
1000 0.00506372420 18.0053909502
2000 0.01655518527 17.9891937614
For the subclass of control flow attacks, a wrong guess can often crash the
process or even the system if is wrong, so the probability of the first guess
being right can be more important than the Nth guess. KASLR schemes usually have
equal probability for each possible position, but in this scheme that is not the
case. So a more conservative comparison to existing schemes is the amount of
information that would have to be guessed correctly for the position that has
the highest probability for having the Nth module allocated (as that would be
the attackers best guess).
This next table shows the bits that would have to be guessed for a most likely
position for the Nth module, assuming no other address has leaked:
Min Info = MIN(-log2(p/1024), -log2((1-p)/(1073741824/4096)))
Nth Modules Min Info Random Area Backup Area
200 18.00022592813 18.00022592813 22.64072780584
300 18.00089120792 18.00089120792 20.66116227856
400 18.00133161125 18.00133161125 20.08204345143
500 18.00206965540 18.00206965540 19.44619478537
600 18.00288721335 18.00288721335 18.96631630463
700 18.00438295865 18.00438295865 18.36483651470
800 18.00542552443 18.00542552443 18.05749997547
900 17.79902648177 18.00649247790 17.79902648177
1000 17.62558545623 18.00732396876 17.62558545623
2000 15.91657303366 18.02408399587 15.91657303366
So the defensive strength of this algorithm in typical usage (<800 modules) for
x86_64 should be at least 18 bits, even if an address from the random area
leaks.
If an address from a section in the backup area leaks however, the remaining
information that would have to be guessed is reduced. To get at a lower bound,
the following assumes the address of the leak is the first module in the backup
area and ignores the probability of guessing the identity.
Nth Modules P of At Least 2 in Backup (p<0.01) Info (bits)
200 0.00005298177 14.20414443057
300 0.00005298177 14.20414443057
400 0.00034665456 11.49421363374
500 0.00310895422 8.32935491164
600 0.01299838019 6.26552433915
700 0.04042051772 4.62876838940
800 0.09812051823 3.34930133623
900 0.19325547277 2.37141882470
1000 0.32712329132 1.61209361130
So the in typical usage, the entropy will still be decent if an address in the
backup leaks as well.
As for fragmentation, this algorithm reduces the average number of modules that
can be loaded without an allocation failure by about 6% (~17000 to ~16000)
(p<0.05). It can also reduce the largest module executable section that can be
loaded by half to ~500MB in the worst case.
Implementation
==============
This patch adds a new function in vmalloc (__vmalloc_node_try_addr) that tries
to allocate at a specific address. In the x86 module loader, this new vmalloc
function is used to implement the algorithm described above.
The new __vmalloc_node_try_addr function uses the existing function
__vmalloc_node_range, in order to introduce this algorithm with the least
invasive change. The side effect is that each time there is a collision when
trying to allocate in the random area a TLB flush will be triggered. There is
a more complex, more efficient implementation that can be used instead if
there is interest in improving performance.
Rick Edgecombe (3):
vmalloc: Add __vmalloc_node_try_addr function
x86/modules: Increase randomization for modules
vmalloc: Add debugfs modfraginfo
arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_64_types.h | 1 +
arch/x86/kernel/module.c | 80 +++++++++++++++--
include/linux/vmalloc.h | 3 +
mm/vmalloc.c | 151 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
4 files changed, 227 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
--
2.7.4
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