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Message-ID: <20161209090251.GF23034@linaro.org>
Date: Fri, 9 Dec 2016 18:02:53 +0900
From: AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@...aro.org>
To: Juerg Haefliger <juerg.haefliger@....com>, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
linux-mm@...ck.org, kernel-hardening@...ts.openwall.com,
linux-x86_64@...r.kernel.org, vpk@...columbia.edu
Subject: Re: [RFC PATCH v3 1/2] Add support for eXclusive Page Frame
Ownership (XPFO)
On Thu, Nov 24, 2016 at 07:56:30PM +0900, AKASHI Takahiro wrote:
> Hi,
>
> I'm trying to give it a spin on arm64, but ...
In my experiment on hikey,
the kernel boot failed, catching a page fault around cache operations,
(a) __clean_dcache_area_pou() on 4KB-page kernel,
(b) __inval_cache_range() on 64KB-page kernel,
(See more details for backtrace below.)
This is because, on arm64, cache operations are by VA (in particular,
of direct/linear mapping of physical memory). So I think that
naively unmapping a page from physmap in xpfo_kunmap() won't work well
on arm64.
-Takahiro AKASHI
case (a)
--------
Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address ffff800000cba000
pgd = ffff80003ba8c000
*pgd=0000000000000000
task: ffff80003be38000 task.stack: ffff80003be40000
PC is at __clean_dcache_area_pou+0x20/0x38
LR is at sync_icache_aliases+0x2c/0x40
...
Call trace:
...
__clean_dcache_area_pou+0x20/0x38
__sync_icache_dcache+0x6c/0xa8
alloc_set_pte+0x33c/0x588
filemap_map_pages+0x3a8/0x3b8
handle_mm_fault+0x910/0x1080
do_page_fault+0x2b0/0x358
do_mem_abort+0x44/0xa0
el0_ia+0x18/0x1c
case (b)
--------
Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address ffff80002aed0000
pgd = ffff000008f40000
, *pud=000000003dfc0003
, *pmd=000000003dfa0003
, *pte=000000002aed0000
task: ffff800028711900 task.stack: ffff800029020000
PC is at __inval_cache_range+0x3c/0x60
LR is at __swiotlb_map_sg_attrs+0x6c/0x98
...
Call trace:
...
__inval_cache_range+0x3c/0x60
dw_mci_pre_dma_transfer.isra.7+0xfc/0x190
dw_mci_pre_req+0x50/0x60
mmc_start_req+0x4c/0x420
mmc_blk_issue_rw_rq+0xb0/0x9b8
mmc_blk_issue_rq+0x154/0x518
mmc_queue_thread+0xac/0x158
kthread+0xd0/0xe8
ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
>
> On Fri, Nov 04, 2016 at 03:45:33PM +0100, Juerg Haefliger wrote:
> > This patch adds support for XPFO which protects against 'ret2dir' kernel
> > attacks. The basic idea is to enforce exclusive ownership of page frames
> > by either the kernel or userspace, unless explicitly requested by the
> > kernel. Whenever a page destined for userspace is allocated, it is
> > unmapped from physmap (the kernel's page table). When such a page is
> > reclaimed from userspace, it is mapped back to physmap.
> >
> > Additional fields in the page_ext struct are used for XPFO housekeeping.
> > Specifically two flags to distinguish user vs. kernel pages and to tag
> > unmapped pages and a reference counter to balance kmap/kunmap operations
> > and a lock to serialize access to the XPFO fields.
> >
> > Known issues/limitations:
> > - Only supports x86-64 (for now)
> > - Only supports 4k pages (for now)
> > - There are most likely some legitimate uses cases where the kernel needs
> > to access userspace which need to be made XPFO-aware
> > - Performance penalty
> >
> > Reference paper by the original patch authors:
> > http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~vpk/papers/ret2dir.sec14.pdf
> >
> > Suggested-by: Vasileios P. Kemerlis <vpk@...columbia.edu>
> > Signed-off-by: Juerg Haefliger <juerg.haefliger@....com>
> > ---
> > arch/x86/Kconfig | 3 +-
> > arch/x86/mm/init.c | 2 +-
> > drivers/ata/libata-sff.c | 4 +-
> > include/linux/highmem.h | 15 +++-
> > include/linux/page_ext.h | 7 ++
> > include/linux/xpfo.h | 39 +++++++++
> > lib/swiotlb.c | 3 +-
> > mm/Makefile | 1 +
> > mm/page_alloc.c | 2 +
> > mm/page_ext.c | 4 +
> > mm/xpfo.c | 206 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> > security/Kconfig | 19 +++++
> > 12 files changed, 298 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
> > create mode 100644 include/linux/xpfo.h
> > create mode 100644 mm/xpfo.c
> >
> > diff --git a/arch/x86/Kconfig b/arch/x86/Kconfig
> > index bada636d1065..38b334f8fde5 100644
> > --- a/arch/x86/Kconfig
> > +++ b/arch/x86/Kconfig
> > @@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ config X86
> > select HAVE_STACK_VALIDATION if X86_64
> > select ARCH_USES_HIGH_VMA_FLAGS if X86_INTEL_MEMORY_PROTECTION_KEYS
> > select ARCH_HAS_PKEYS if X86_INTEL_MEMORY_PROTECTION_KEYS
> > + select ARCH_SUPPORTS_XPFO if X86_64
> >
> > config INSTRUCTION_DECODER
> > def_bool y
> > @@ -1361,7 +1362,7 @@ config ARCH_DMA_ADDR_T_64BIT
> >
> > config X86_DIRECT_GBPAGES
> > def_bool y
> > - depends on X86_64 && !DEBUG_PAGEALLOC && !KMEMCHECK
> > + depends on X86_64 && !DEBUG_PAGEALLOC && !KMEMCHECK && !XPFO
> > ---help---
> > Certain kernel features effectively disable kernel
> > linear 1 GB mappings (even if the CPU otherwise
> > diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/init.c b/arch/x86/mm/init.c
> > index 22af912d66d2..a6fafbae02bb 100644
> > --- a/arch/x86/mm/init.c
> > +++ b/arch/x86/mm/init.c
> > @@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ static int page_size_mask;
> >
> > static void __init probe_page_size_mask(void)
> > {
> > -#if !defined(CONFIG_KMEMCHECK)
> > +#if !defined(CONFIG_KMEMCHECK) && !defined(CONFIG_XPFO)
> > /*
> > * For CONFIG_KMEMCHECK or pagealloc debugging, identity mapping will
> > * use small pages.
> > diff --git a/drivers/ata/libata-sff.c b/drivers/ata/libata-sff.c
> > index 051b6158d1b7..58af734be25d 100644
> > --- a/drivers/ata/libata-sff.c
> > +++ b/drivers/ata/libata-sff.c
> > @@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ static void ata_pio_sector(struct ata_queued_cmd *qc)
> >
> > DPRINTK("data %s\n", qc->tf.flags & ATA_TFLAG_WRITE ? "write" : "read");
> >
> > - if (PageHighMem(page)) {
> > + if (PageHighMem(page) || xpfo_page_is_unmapped(page)) {
> > unsigned long flags;
> >
> > /* FIXME: use a bounce buffer */
> > @@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ static int __atapi_pio_bytes(struct ata_queued_cmd *qc, unsigned int bytes)
> >
> > DPRINTK("data %s\n", qc->tf.flags & ATA_TFLAG_WRITE ? "write" : "read");
> >
> > - if (PageHighMem(page)) {
> > + if (PageHighMem(page) || xpfo_page_is_unmapped(page)) {
> > unsigned long flags;
> >
> > /* FIXME: use bounce buffer */
> > diff --git a/include/linux/highmem.h b/include/linux/highmem.h
> > index bb3f3297062a..7a17c166532f 100644
> > --- a/include/linux/highmem.h
> > +++ b/include/linux/highmem.h
> > @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
> > #include <linux/mm.h>
> > #include <linux/uaccess.h>
> > #include <linux/hardirq.h>
> > +#include <linux/xpfo.h>
> >
> > #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
> >
> > @@ -55,24 +56,34 @@ static inline struct page *kmap_to_page(void *addr)
> > #ifndef ARCH_HAS_KMAP
> > static inline void *kmap(struct page *page)
> > {
> > + void *kaddr;
> > +
> > might_sleep();
> > - return page_address(page);
> > + kaddr = page_address(page);
> > + xpfo_kmap(kaddr, page);
> > + return kaddr;
> > }
> >
> > static inline void kunmap(struct page *page)
> > {
> > + xpfo_kunmap(page_address(page), page);
> > }
> >
> > static inline void *kmap_atomic(struct page *page)
> > {
> > + void *kaddr;
> > +
> > preempt_disable();
> > pagefault_disable();
> > - return page_address(page);
> > + kaddr = page_address(page);
> > + xpfo_kmap(kaddr, page);
> > + return kaddr;
> > }
> > #define kmap_atomic_prot(page, prot) kmap_atomic(page)
> >
> > static inline void __kunmap_atomic(void *addr)
> > {
> > + xpfo_kunmap(addr, virt_to_page(addr));
> > pagefault_enable();
> > preempt_enable();
> > }
> > diff --git a/include/linux/page_ext.h b/include/linux/page_ext.h
> > index 9298c393ddaa..0e451a42e5a3 100644
> > --- a/include/linux/page_ext.h
> > +++ b/include/linux/page_ext.h
> > @@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ enum page_ext_flags {
> > PAGE_EXT_DEBUG_POISON, /* Page is poisoned */
> > PAGE_EXT_DEBUG_GUARD,
> > PAGE_EXT_OWNER,
> > + PAGE_EXT_XPFO_KERNEL, /* Page is a kernel page */
> > + PAGE_EXT_XPFO_UNMAPPED, /* Page is unmapped */
> > #if defined(CONFIG_IDLE_PAGE_TRACKING) && !defined(CONFIG_64BIT)
> > PAGE_EXT_YOUNG,
> > PAGE_EXT_IDLE,
> > @@ -44,6 +46,11 @@ enum page_ext_flags {
> > */
> > struct page_ext {
> > unsigned long flags;
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_XPFO
> > + int inited; /* Map counter and lock initialized */
> > + atomic_t mapcount; /* Counter for balancing map/unmap requests */
> > + spinlock_t maplock; /* Lock to serialize map/unmap requests */
> > +#endif
> > };
> >
> > extern void pgdat_page_ext_init(struct pglist_data *pgdat);
> > diff --git a/include/linux/xpfo.h b/include/linux/xpfo.h
> > new file mode 100644
> > index 000000000000..77187578ca33
> > --- /dev/null
> > +++ b/include/linux/xpfo.h
> > @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
> > +/*
> > + * Copyright (C) 2016 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development, L.P.
> > + * Copyright (C) 2016 Brown University. All rights reserved.
> > + *
> > + * Authors:
> > + * Juerg Haefliger <juerg.haefliger@....com>
> > + * Vasileios P. Kemerlis <vpk@...brown.edu>
> > + *
> > + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
> > + * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by
> > + * the Free Software Foundation.
> > + */
> > +
> > +#ifndef _LINUX_XPFO_H
> > +#define _LINUX_XPFO_H
> > +
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_XPFO
> > +
> > +extern struct page_ext_operations page_xpfo_ops;
> > +
> > +extern void xpfo_kmap(void *kaddr, struct page *page);
> > +extern void xpfo_kunmap(void *kaddr, struct page *page);
> > +extern void xpfo_alloc_page(struct page *page, int order, gfp_t gfp);
> > +extern void xpfo_free_page(struct page *page, int order);
> > +
> > +extern bool xpfo_page_is_unmapped(struct page *page);
> > +
> > +#else /* !CONFIG_XPFO */
> > +
> > +static inline void xpfo_kmap(void *kaddr, struct page *page) { }
> > +static inline void xpfo_kunmap(void *kaddr, struct page *page) { }
> > +static inline void xpfo_alloc_page(struct page *page, int order, gfp_t gfp) { }
> > +static inline void xpfo_free_page(struct page *page, int order) { }
> > +
> > +static inline bool xpfo_page_is_unmapped(struct page *page) { return false; }
> > +
> > +#endif /* CONFIG_XPFO */
> > +
> > +#endif /* _LINUX_XPFO_H */
> > diff --git a/lib/swiotlb.c b/lib/swiotlb.c
> > index 22e13a0e19d7..455eff44604e 100644
> > --- a/lib/swiotlb.c
> > +++ b/lib/swiotlb.c
> > @@ -390,8 +390,9 @@ static void swiotlb_bounce(phys_addr_t orig_addr, phys_addr_t tlb_addr,
> > {
> > unsigned long pfn = PFN_DOWN(orig_addr);
> > unsigned char *vaddr = phys_to_virt(tlb_addr);
> > + struct page *page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
> >
> > - if (PageHighMem(pfn_to_page(pfn))) {
> > + if (PageHighMem(page) || xpfo_page_is_unmapped(page)) {
> > /* The buffer does not have a mapping. Map it in and copy */
> > unsigned int offset = orig_addr & ~PAGE_MASK;
> > char *buffer;
> > diff --git a/mm/Makefile b/mm/Makefile
> > index 295bd7a9f76b..175680f516aa 100644
> > --- a/mm/Makefile
> > +++ b/mm/Makefile
> > @@ -100,3 +100,4 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_IDLE_PAGE_TRACKING) += page_idle.o
> > obj-$(CONFIG_FRAME_VECTOR) += frame_vector.o
> > obj-$(CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGE_REF) += debug_page_ref.o
> > obj-$(CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY) += usercopy.o
> > +obj-$(CONFIG_XPFO) += xpfo.o
> > diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
> > index 8fd42aa7c4bd..100e80e008e2 100644
> > --- a/mm/page_alloc.c
> > +++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
> > @@ -1045,6 +1045,7 @@ static __always_inline bool free_pages_prepare(struct page *page,
> > kernel_poison_pages(page, 1 << order, 0);
> > kernel_map_pages(page, 1 << order, 0);
> > kasan_free_pages(page, order);
> > + xpfo_free_page(page, order);
> >
> > return true;
> > }
> > @@ -1745,6 +1746,7 @@ inline void post_alloc_hook(struct page *page, unsigned int order,
> > kernel_map_pages(page, 1 << order, 1);
> > kernel_poison_pages(page, 1 << order, 1);
> > kasan_alloc_pages(page, order);
> > + xpfo_alloc_page(page, order, gfp_flags);
> > set_page_owner(page, order, gfp_flags);
> > }
> >
> > diff --git a/mm/page_ext.c b/mm/page_ext.c
> > index 121dcffc4ec1..ba6dbcacc2db 100644
> > --- a/mm/page_ext.c
> > +++ b/mm/page_ext.c
> > @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
> > #include <linux/kmemleak.h>
> > #include <linux/page_owner.h>
> > #include <linux/page_idle.h>
> > +#include <linux/xpfo.h>
> >
> > /*
> > * struct page extension
> > @@ -68,6 +69,9 @@ static struct page_ext_operations *page_ext_ops[] = {
> > #if defined(CONFIG_IDLE_PAGE_TRACKING) && !defined(CONFIG_64BIT)
> > &page_idle_ops,
> > #endif
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_XPFO
> > + &page_xpfo_ops,
> > +#endif
> > };
> >
> > static unsigned long total_usage;
> > diff --git a/mm/xpfo.c b/mm/xpfo.c
> > new file mode 100644
> > index 000000000000..8e3a6a694b6a
> > --- /dev/null
> > +++ b/mm/xpfo.c
> > @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
> > +/*
> > + * Copyright (C) 2016 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development, L.P.
> > + * Copyright (C) 2016 Brown University. All rights reserved.
> > + *
> > + * Authors:
> > + * Juerg Haefliger <juerg.haefliger@....com>
> > + * Vasileios P. Kemerlis <vpk@...brown.edu>
> > + *
> > + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
> > + * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by
> > + * the Free Software Foundation.
> > + */
> > +
> > +#include <linux/mm.h>
> > +#include <linux/module.h>
> > +#include <linux/page_ext.h>
> > +#include <linux/xpfo.h>
> > +
> > +#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
> > +
> > +DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(xpfo_inited);
> > +
> > +static bool need_xpfo(void)
> > +{
> > + return true;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void init_xpfo(void)
> > +{
> > + printk(KERN_INFO "XPFO enabled\n");
> > + static_branch_enable(&xpfo_inited);
> > +}
> > +
> > +struct page_ext_operations page_xpfo_ops = {
> > + .need = need_xpfo,
> > + .init = init_xpfo,
> > +};
> > +
> > +/*
> > + * Update a single kernel page table entry
> > + */
> > +static inline void set_kpte(struct page *page, unsigned long kaddr,
> > + pgprot_t prot) {
> > + unsigned int level;
> > + pte_t *kpte = lookup_address(kaddr, &level);
> > +
> > + /* We only support 4k pages for now */
> > + BUG_ON(!kpte || level != PG_LEVEL_4K);
> > +
> > + set_pte_atomic(kpte, pfn_pte(page_to_pfn(page), canon_pgprot(prot)));
> > +}
>
> As lookup_address() and set_pte_atomic() (and PG_LEVEL_4K), are arch-specific,
> would it be better to put the whole definition into arch-specific part?
>
> > +
> > +void xpfo_alloc_page(struct page *page, int order, gfp_t gfp)
> > +{
> > + int i, flush_tlb = 0;
> > + struct page_ext *page_ext;
> > + unsigned long kaddr;
> > +
> > + if (!static_branch_unlikely(&xpfo_inited))
> > + return;
> > +
> > + for (i = 0; i < (1 << order); i++) {
> > + page_ext = lookup_page_ext(page + i);
> > +
> > + BUG_ON(test_bit(PAGE_EXT_XPFO_UNMAPPED, &page_ext->flags));
> > +
> > + /* Initialize the map lock and map counter */
> > + if (!page_ext->inited) {
> > + spin_lock_init(&page_ext->maplock);
> > + atomic_set(&page_ext->mapcount, 0);
> > + page_ext->inited = 1;
> > + }
> > + BUG_ON(atomic_read(&page_ext->mapcount));
> > +
> > + if ((gfp & GFP_HIGHUSER) == GFP_HIGHUSER) {
> > + /*
> > + * Flush the TLB if the page was previously allocated
> > + * to the kernel.
> > + */
> > + if (test_and_clear_bit(PAGE_EXT_XPFO_KERNEL,
> > + &page_ext->flags))
> > + flush_tlb = 1;
> > + } else {
> > + /* Tag the page as a kernel page */
> > + set_bit(PAGE_EXT_XPFO_KERNEL, &page_ext->flags);
> > + }
> > + }
> > +
> > + if (flush_tlb) {
> > + kaddr = (unsigned long)page_address(page);
> > + flush_tlb_kernel_range(kaddr, kaddr + (1 << order) *
> > + PAGE_SIZE);
> > + }
> > +}
> > +
> > +void xpfo_free_page(struct page *page, int order)
> > +{
> > + int i;
> > + struct page_ext *page_ext;
> > + unsigned long kaddr;
> > +
> > + if (!static_branch_unlikely(&xpfo_inited))
> > + return;
> > +
> > + for (i = 0; i < (1 << order); i++) {
> > + page_ext = lookup_page_ext(page + i);
> > +
> > + if (!page_ext->inited) {
> > + /*
> > + * The page was allocated before page_ext was
> > + * initialized, so it is a kernel page and it needs to
> > + * be tagged accordingly.
> > + */
> > + set_bit(PAGE_EXT_XPFO_KERNEL, &page_ext->flags);
> > + continue;
> > + }
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Map the page back into the kernel if it was previously
> > + * allocated to user space.
> > + */
> > + if (test_and_clear_bit(PAGE_EXT_XPFO_UNMAPPED,
> > + &page_ext->flags)) {
> > + kaddr = (unsigned long)page_address(page + i);
> > + set_kpte(page + i, kaddr, __pgprot(__PAGE_KERNEL));
>
> Why not PAGE_KERNEL?
>
> > + }
> > + }
> > +}
> > +
> > +void xpfo_kmap(void *kaddr, struct page *page)
> > +{
> > + struct page_ext *page_ext;
> > + unsigned long flags;
> > +
> > + if (!static_branch_unlikely(&xpfo_inited))
> > + return;
> > +
> > + page_ext = lookup_page_ext(page);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * The page was allocated before page_ext was initialized (which means
> > + * it's a kernel page) or it's allocated to the kernel, so nothing to
> > + * do.
> > + */
> > + if (!page_ext->inited ||
> > + test_bit(PAGE_EXT_XPFO_KERNEL, &page_ext->flags))
> > + return;
> > +
> > + spin_lock_irqsave(&page_ext->maplock, flags);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * The page was previously allocated to user space, so map it back
> > + * into the kernel. No TLB flush required.
> > + */
> > + if ((atomic_inc_return(&page_ext->mapcount) == 1) &&
> > + test_and_clear_bit(PAGE_EXT_XPFO_UNMAPPED, &page_ext->flags))
> > + set_kpte(page, (unsigned long)kaddr, __pgprot(__PAGE_KERNEL));
> > +
> > + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&page_ext->maplock, flags);
> > +}
> > +EXPORT_SYMBOL(xpfo_kmap);
> > +
> > +void xpfo_kunmap(void *kaddr, struct page *page)
> > +{
> > + struct page_ext *page_ext;
> > + unsigned long flags;
> > +
> > + if (!static_branch_unlikely(&xpfo_inited))
> > + return;
> > +
> > + page_ext = lookup_page_ext(page);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * The page was allocated before page_ext was initialized (which means
> > + * it's a kernel page) or it's allocated to the kernel, so nothing to
> > + * do.
> > + */
> > + if (!page_ext->inited ||
> > + test_bit(PAGE_EXT_XPFO_KERNEL, &page_ext->flags))
> > + return;
> > +
> > + spin_lock_irqsave(&page_ext->maplock, flags);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * The page is to be allocated back to user space, so unmap it from the
> > + * kernel, flush the TLB and tag it as a user page.
> > + */
> > + if (atomic_dec_return(&page_ext->mapcount) == 0) {
> > + BUG_ON(test_bit(PAGE_EXT_XPFO_UNMAPPED, &page_ext->flags));
> > + set_bit(PAGE_EXT_XPFO_UNMAPPED, &page_ext->flags);
> > + set_kpte(page, (unsigned long)kaddr, __pgprot(0));
> > + __flush_tlb_one((unsigned long)kaddr);
>
> Again __flush_tlb_one() is x86-specific.
> flush_tlb_kernel_range() instead?
>
> Thanks,
> -Takahiro AKASHI
>
> > + }
> > +
> > + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&page_ext->maplock, flags);
> > +}
> > +EXPORT_SYMBOL(xpfo_kunmap);
> > +
> > +inline bool xpfo_page_is_unmapped(struct page *page)
> > +{
> > + if (!static_branch_unlikely(&xpfo_inited))
> > + return false;
> > +
> > + return test_bit(PAGE_EXT_XPFO_UNMAPPED, &lookup_page_ext(page)->flags);
> > +}
> > +EXPORT_SYMBOL(xpfo_page_is_unmapped);
> > diff --git a/security/Kconfig b/security/Kconfig
> > index 118f4549404e..4502e15c8419 100644
> > --- a/security/Kconfig
> > +++ b/security/Kconfig
> > @@ -6,6 +6,25 @@ menu "Security options"
> >
> > source security/keys/Kconfig
> >
> > +config ARCH_SUPPORTS_XPFO
> > + bool
> > +
> > +config XPFO
> > + bool "Enable eXclusive Page Frame Ownership (XPFO)"
> > + default n
> > + depends on ARCH_SUPPORTS_XPFO
> > + select PAGE_EXTENSION
> > + help
> > + This option offers protection against 'ret2dir' kernel attacks.
> > + When enabled, every time a page frame is allocated to user space, it
> > + is unmapped from the direct mapped RAM region in kernel space
> > + (physmap). Similarly, when a page frame is freed/reclaimed, it is
> > + mapped back to physmap.
> > +
> > + There is a slight performance impact when this option is enabled.
> > +
> > + If in doubt, say "N".
> > +
> > config SECURITY_DMESG_RESTRICT
> > bool "Restrict unprivileged access to the kernel syslog"
> > default n
> > --
> > 2.10.1
> >
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