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Message-Id: <1464124523-43051-3-git-send-email-thgarnie@google.com>
Date: Tue, 24 May 2016 14:15:23 -0700
From: Thomas Garnier <thgarnie@...gle.com>
To: Christoph Lameter <cl@...ux.com>,
Pekka Enberg <penberg@...nel.org>,
David Rientjes <rientjes@...gle.com>,
Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@....com>,
Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
"Paul E . McKenney" <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>,
Pranith Kumar <bobby.prani@...il.com>,
David Howells <dhowells@...hat.com>,
Tejun Heo <tj@...nel.org>,
Johannes Weiner <hannes@...xchg.org>,
David Woodhouse <David.Woodhouse@...el.com>,
Thomas Garnier <thgarnie@...gle.com>,
Petr Mladek <pmladek@...e.com>,
Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>
Cc: linux-mm@...ck.org,
linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
gthelen@...gle.com,
kernel-hardening@...ts.openwall.com
Subject: [RFC v2 2/2] mm: SLUB Freelist randomization
Implements Freelist randomization for the SLUB allocator. It was
previous implemented for the SLAB allocator. Both use the same
configuration option (CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM).
The list is randomized during initialization of a new set of pages. The
order on different freelist sizes is pre-computed at boot for
performance. Each kmem_cache has its own randomized freelist. This
security feature reduces the predictability of the kernel SLUB allocator
against heap overflows rendering attacks much less stable.
For example these attacks exploit the predictability of the heap:
- Linux Kernel CAN SLUB overflow (https://goo.gl/oMNWkU)
- Exploiting Linux Kernel Heap corruptions (http://goo.gl/EXLn95)
Performance results:
slab_test impact is between 3% to 4% on average:
Before:
Single thread testing
=====================
1. Kmalloc: Repeatedly allocate then free test
100000 times kmalloc(8) -> 49 cycles kfree -> 77 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(16) -> 51 cycles kfree -> 79 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(32) -> 53 cycles kfree -> 83 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(64) -> 62 cycles kfree -> 90 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(128) -> 81 cycles kfree -> 97 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(256) -> 98 cycles kfree -> 121 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(512) -> 95 cycles kfree -> 122 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(1024) -> 96 cycles kfree -> 126 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(2048) -> 115 cycles kfree -> 140 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(4096) -> 149 cycles kfree -> 171 cycles
2. Kmalloc: alloc/free test
100000 times kmalloc(8)/kfree -> 70 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(16)/kfree -> 70 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(32)/kfree -> 70 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(64)/kfree -> 70 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(128)/kfree -> 70 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(256)/kfree -> 69 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(512)/kfree -> 70 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(1024)/kfree -> 73 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(2048)/kfree -> 72 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(4096)/kfree -> 71 cycles
After:
Single thread testing
=====================
1. Kmalloc: Repeatedly allocate then free test
100000 times kmalloc(8) -> 57 cycles kfree -> 78 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(16) -> 61 cycles kfree -> 81 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(32) -> 76 cycles kfree -> 93 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(64) -> 83 cycles kfree -> 94 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(128) -> 106 cycles kfree -> 107 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(256) -> 118 cycles kfree -> 117 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(512) -> 114 cycles kfree -> 116 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(1024) -> 115 cycles kfree -> 118 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(2048) -> 147 cycles kfree -> 131 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(4096) -> 214 cycles kfree -> 161 cycles
2. Kmalloc: alloc/free test
100000 times kmalloc(8)/kfree -> 66 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(16)/kfree -> 66 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(32)/kfree -> 66 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(64)/kfree -> 66 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(128)/kfree -> 65 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(256)/kfree -> 67 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(512)/kfree -> 67 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(1024)/kfree -> 64 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(2048)/kfree -> 67 cycles
100000 times kmalloc(4096)/kfree -> 67 cycles
Kernbench, before:
Average Optimal load -j 12 Run (std deviation):
Elapsed Time 101.873 (1.16069)
User Time 1045.22 (1.60447)
System Time 88.969 (0.559195)
Percent CPU 1112.9 (13.8279)
Context Switches 189140 (2282.15)
Sleeps 99008.6 (768.091)
After:
Average Optimal load -j 12 Run (std deviation):
Elapsed Time 102.47 (0.562732)
User Time 1045.3 (1.34263)
System Time 88.311 (0.342554)
Percent CPU 1105.8 (6.49444)
Context Switches 189081 (2355.78)
Sleeps 99231.5 (800.358)
Signed-off-by: Thomas Garnier <thgarnie@...gle.com>
---
Based on 0e01df100b6bf22a1de61b66657502a6454153c5
---
include/linux/slub_def.h | 8 +++
init/Kconfig | 4 +-
mm/slub.c | 133 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
3 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/linux/slub_def.h b/include/linux/slub_def.h
index 665cd0c..22d487e 100644
--- a/include/linux/slub_def.h
+++ b/include/linux/slub_def.h
@@ -56,6 +56,9 @@ struct kmem_cache_order_objects {
unsigned long x;
};
+/* Index used for freelist randomization */
+typedef unsigned int freelist_idx_t;
+
/*
* Slab cache management.
*/
@@ -99,6 +102,11 @@ struct kmem_cache {
*/
int remote_node_defrag_ratio;
#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM
+ freelist_idx_t *random_seq;
+#endif
+
struct kmem_cache_node *node[MAX_NUMNODES];
};
diff --git a/init/Kconfig b/init/Kconfig
index a9c4aefd..fbb6678 100644
--- a/init/Kconfig
+++ b/init/Kconfig
@@ -1771,10 +1771,10 @@ endchoice
config SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM
default n
- depends on SLAB
+ depends on SLAB || SLUB
bool "SLAB freelist randomization"
help
- Randomizes the freelist order used on creating new SLABs. This
+ Randomizes the freelist order used on creating new pages. This
security feature reduces the predictability of the kernel slab
allocator against heap overflows.
diff --git a/mm/slub.c b/mm/slub.c
index 825ff45..217aa8a 100644
--- a/mm/slub.c
+++ b/mm/slub.c
@@ -1405,6 +1405,109 @@ static inline struct page *alloc_slab_page(struct kmem_cache *s,
return page;
}
+#ifdef CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM
+/* Pre-initialize the random sequence cache */
+static int init_cache_random_seq(struct kmem_cache *s)
+{
+ int err;
+ unsigned long i, count = oo_objects(s->oo);
+
+ err = cache_random_seq_create(s, count, GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (err) {
+ pr_err("SLUB: Unable to initialize free list for %s\n",
+ s->name);
+ return err;
+ }
+
+ /* Transform to an offset on the set of pages */
+ if (s->random_seq) {
+ for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
+ s->random_seq[i] *= s->size;
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/* Initialize each random sequence freelist per cache */
+static void __init init_freelist_randomization(void)
+{
+ struct kmem_cache *s;
+
+ mutex_lock(&slab_mutex);
+
+ list_for_each_entry(s, &slab_caches, list)
+ init_cache_random_seq(s);
+
+ mutex_unlock(&slab_mutex);
+}
+
+/* Get the next entry on the pre-computed freelist randomized */
+static void *next_freelist_entry(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page,
+ unsigned long *pos, void *start,
+ unsigned long page_limit,
+ unsigned long freelist_count)
+{
+ freelist_idx_t idx;
+
+ /*
+ * If the target page allocation failed, the number of objects on the
+ * page might be smaller than the usual size defined by the cache.
+ */
+ do {
+ idx = s->random_seq[*pos];
+ *pos += 1;
+ if (*pos >= freelist_count)
+ *pos = 0;
+ } while (unlikely(idx >= page_limit));
+
+ return (char *)start + idx;
+}
+
+/* Shuffle the single linked freelist based on a random pre-computed sequence */
+static bool shuffle_freelist(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page)
+{
+ void *start;
+ void *cur;
+ void *next;
+ unsigned long idx, pos, page_limit, freelist_count;
+
+ if (page->objects < 2 || !s->random_seq)
+ return false;
+
+ freelist_count = oo_objects(s->oo);
+ pos = get_random_int() % freelist_count;
+
+ page_limit = page->objects * s->size;
+ start = fixup_red_left(s, page_address(page));
+
+ /* First entry is used as the base of the freelist */
+ cur = next_freelist_entry(s, page, &pos, start, page_limit,
+ freelist_count);
+ page->freelist = cur;
+
+ for (idx = 1; idx < page->objects; idx++) {
+ setup_object(s, page, cur);
+ next = next_freelist_entry(s, page, &pos, start, page_limit,
+ freelist_count);
+ set_freepointer(s, cur, next);
+ cur = next;
+ }
+ setup_object(s, page, cur);
+ set_freepointer(s, cur, NULL);
+
+ return true;
+}
+#else
+static inline int init_cache_random_seq(struct kmem_cache *s)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+static inline void init_freelist_randomization(void) { }
+static inline bool shuffle_freelist(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page)
+{
+ return false;
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM */
+
static struct page *allocate_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t flags, int node)
{
struct page *page;
@@ -1412,6 +1515,7 @@ static struct page *allocate_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t flags, int node)
gfp_t alloc_gfp;
void *start, *p;
int idx, order;
+ bool shuffle;
flags &= gfp_allowed_mask;
@@ -1473,15 +1577,19 @@ static struct page *allocate_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t flags, int node)
kasan_poison_slab(page);
- for_each_object_idx(p, idx, s, start, page->objects) {
- setup_object(s, page, p);
- if (likely(idx < page->objects))
- set_freepointer(s, p, p + s->size);
- else
- set_freepointer(s, p, NULL);
+ shuffle = shuffle_freelist(s, page);
+
+ if (!shuffle) {
+ for_each_object_idx(p, idx, s, start, page->objects) {
+ setup_object(s, page, p);
+ if (likely(idx < page->objects))
+ set_freepointer(s, p, p + s->size);
+ else
+ set_freepointer(s, p, NULL);
+ }
+ page->freelist = fixup_red_left(s, start);
}
- page->freelist = fixup_red_left(s, start);
page->inuse = page->objects;
page->frozen = 1;
@@ -3207,6 +3315,7 @@ static void free_kmem_cache_nodes(struct kmem_cache *s)
void __kmem_cache_release(struct kmem_cache *s)
{
+ cache_random_seq_destroy(s);
free_percpu(s->cpu_slab);
free_kmem_cache_nodes(s);
}
@@ -3431,6 +3540,13 @@ static int kmem_cache_open(struct kmem_cache *s, unsigned long flags)
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
s->remote_node_defrag_ratio = 1000;
#endif
+
+ /* Initialize the pre-computed randomized freelist if slab is up */
+ if (slab_state >= UP) {
+ if (init_cache_random_seq(s))
+ goto error;
+ }
+
if (!init_kmem_cache_nodes(s))
goto error;
@@ -3947,6 +4063,9 @@ void __init kmem_cache_init(void)
setup_kmalloc_cache_index_table();
create_kmalloc_caches(0);
+ /* Setup random freelists for each cache */
+ init_freelist_randomization();
+
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
register_cpu_notifier(&slab_notifier);
#endif
--
2.8.0.rc3.226.g39d4020
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